Benders'dictionary of nutrition and food technology

354Dietary deficiency is unknown; it is widely distributed in allliving cells. Human requirements are not known with any certainty;the adequate intake for adults is 5 mg /day. Experimentaldeficiency signs in rats include greying of the hair (hence at onetime known as the anti-grey hair factor; there is no evidence thatit affects greying of human hair with age). Experimental deficiencyin human beings leads to fatigue, headache, muscle weaknessand gastrointestinal disturbances.See also burning foot syndrome.PANTOTHENIC ACID AND COENZYME Apapain Proteolytic enzyme (see proteolysis) (EC 3.4.22.2) fromthe juice of the pawpaw used in tenderising meat; sometimescalled vegetable pepsin. The enzyme is obtained as the driedlatex on the skin of the fruit by scratching it while still on thetree, and collecting the flow. The rate of reaction is slow at roomtemperature, increasing to maximum activity at 80°C and rapidlyinactivated at higher temperatures; hence, it continues to tenderisethe meat during the early stages of cooking.papa seca See chuño.papaw Purple fruit of Asiminia triloba, related to the custardapple; distinct from the pawpaw or papaya.papaya See pawpaw.papillote, en Made or served in a paper case.Papin’s digester Early version of the pressure cooker or autoclave.Named after D. Papin, French physicist 1647–1712;originally invented for the purpose of softening bones for thepreparation of gelatine.paprika See pepper, sweet.