Benders'dictionary of nutrition and food technology

135cow-heel Dish made from heel of ox or cow, stewed to a jelly; alsoknown as neat’s-foot.cow manure factor Obsolete name for vitamin b 12 .cow pea See bean, black eyed.C-peptide The linking region between the A- and B-chains ofpro-insulin, cleaved in the conversion of pro-insulin to insulin.Useful as an index of pancreatic β-islet cell function since it iscleared from the circulation more slowly than is insulin.CpG islands Small stretches of DNA that are comparatively richin CpG nucleotides (i.e. cytosine followed by guanine), frequentlylocated within the promoter region of genes. Methylationwithin the islands is associated with transcriptionalinactivation of the gene, and is hence a mechanism of cell differentiation.Failure of methylation of CpG islands is associatedwith the initiation of cancer. See also epigenetics.crab shellfish; Cancer and Carcinus spp.; king crab is Limuluspolyphemus.Composition/100 g:water 79 g,364 kJ (87 kcal),protein 18.1 g,fat1.1 g (of which 25% saturated, 25% mono-unsaturated, 50%polyunsaturated), cholesterol 78 mg, carbohydrate 0 g, ash 1.8 g,Ca 89 mg, Fe 0.7 mg, Mg 34 mg, P 229 mg, K 329 mg, Na 293 mg, Zn3.5mg, Cu 0.7mg, Mn 0.2mg, Se 37.4µg, vitamin A 2µg retinol, B 10.08 mg, B 2 0.04 mg, niacin 2.7 mg, B 6 0.15 mg, folate 44 µg, B 12 9µg,pantothenate 0.3 mg,C 3 mg.A 300 g serving (half crab) is a sourceof Fe,vitamin B 1 ,pantothenate,C,a good source of Mn,vitamin B 6 ,a rich source of Ca, Cu, Mg, P, Se, Zn, niacin, folate, vitamin B 12 .crackers Plain thin biscuits such as water biscuits, cream crackersand wholemeal crackers, made from wheat flour, fat and bicarbonateas a raising agent.cran A traditional measure for herrings containing 37 1 / 2 gallons(167 L) or about 800 fish.cranberry The fleshy, acid fruit of Vaccinium oxycoccus or V.macrocarpon, resembling a cherry; commonly used to makesauce and juice.Composition/100 g: (edible portion 95%) water 87 g, 193 kJ(46 kcal), protein 0.4 g, fat 0.1 g, carbohydrate 12.2 g (4 g sugars),fibre 4.6g, ash 0.2g, Ca 8mg, Fe 0.3mg, Mg 6mg, P 13mg, K85mg, Na 2mg, Zn 0.1mg, Cu 0.1mg, Mn 0.4mg, Se 0.1µg,vitamin A 3µg RE (127µg carotenoids), E 1.2 mg, K 5.1 mg, B 10.01 mg, B 2 0.02 mg, niacin 0.1 mg, B 6 0.06 mg, folate 1 µg, pantothenate0.3 mg, C 13 mg. A 110 g serving is a source of Mn,vitamin E, a good source of vitamin C.crapaud Edible Caribbean bull frog (Leptodactylus pentadactylus),also known as mountain chicken. Also (in Jersey) the nameof the common toad, Bufo bufo.