Benders'dictionary of nutrition and food technology

116loaf, which stales more slowly. Named after the British BakingIndustries Research Association at Chorleywood.chorote See pozol.choux (chou) pastry Light airy pastry, invented by the Frenchchef Carême, used in éclairs and profiteroles. The batter is precookedin a saucepan, then baked. The name comes from theFrench chou for cabbage, the characteristic shape of the creamfilledpuffs.chowder Thick soup made from shellfish (especially clams) orother fish, with pork or bacon. Originally French, now mainlyNew England and Newfoundland. Name derived from theFrench chaudière, the large cauldron in which it is prepared.chromatography Technique for separation of solutes by partitionbetween adsorption onto a stationary phase and solution in amobile phase. The mobile phase may be gas or liquid; the stationaryphase may be solid (paper, a thin layer of adsorbent ora column of adsorbent) or liquid.High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) uses acolumn of extremely uniform particles of stationary phase and asolvent under high pressure; in reverse phase chromatographythe stationary phase is more lipophilic than the mobile phase.In ion-exchange chromatography, the stationary phase is anion-exchange resin, so achieving separation on the basis of ioniccharge.In gel exclusion chromatography, the stationary phase is a gelthat permits molecules up to a given size to penetrate the gelmatrix, so achieving separation on the basis of molecular size andshape.chromium A metallic element that is a dietary essential. It formsan organic complex, the glucose tolerance factor, and deficiencyresults in impaired glucose tolerance.There is little evidenceon which to base estimates of requirements; deficiency hasbeen observed at intakes below 6 µg (0.12µmol)/day, and a safeand adequate intake level has been set at 35 µg for men and25µg for women.High intakes of inorganic chromium salts are associated withkidney and liver damage.chromoproteins Proteins conjugated with a metal-containinggroup, such as the haem group of haemoglobin, which containsiron.CHU Centigrade (or Celsius) heat unit, the amount of heatrequired to raise the temperature of one pound of water throughone degree Celsius.chuck See beef.chufa See tiger nut.