Benders'dictionary of nutrition and food technology

443dioxide produced) from which to calculate the energy expended(indirect calorimetry).spirulina Blue-green alga which can fix atmospheric nitrogen;eaten for centuries round Lake Chad in Africa and in Mexico.Many health claims are made, but are negated by the smallamounts eaten.Composition /100 g: water 91 g, 109 kJ (26 kcal), protein 5.9 g,fat 0.4 g, carbohydrate 2.4 g, ash 0.6 g, Ca 12 mg, Fe 2.8 mg, Mg19 mg, P 11 mg, K 127 mg, Na 98 mg, Zn 0.2 mg, Cu 0.6 mg, Mn0.2mg, Se 0.7µg, vitamin A 3µg RE, B 1 0.22 mg, B 2 0.34 mg, niacin1.2 mg, B 6 0.03 mg, folate 9 µg, pantothenate 0.3 mg, C 1 mg.splanchnic Relating to the viscera.spleen Abdominal organ whose main function is destruction ofaged red blood cells and recycling the iron. As a food it is calledmelts.Composition /100 g: water 78 g, 423 kJ (101 kcal), protein17.2 g, fat 3.1 g (of which 50% saturated, 40% mono-unsaturated,10% polyunsaturated), cholesterol 250 mg, carbohydrate 0 g, ash1.3 g, Ca 9 mg, Fe 41.9 mg, Mg 21 mg, P 280 mg, K 358 mg, Na84mg, Zn 2.8mg, Cu 0.1mg, Mn 0.1mg, Se 32.4µg, vitamin B 10.05 mg, B 2 0.35 mg, niacin 7.9 mg, B 6 0.11 mg, folate 4 µg, B 125.3µg, C 23 mg. A 100 g serving is a source of Zn, a good sourceof vitamin B 2 ,a rich source of Fe, P, Se, niacin, vitamin B 12 ,C.SPME Solid phase microextraction, a rapid technique for extractingvolatile flavour components using fibres of polar or nonpolarpolymers, prior to chromatographic separation andidentification.spongiform encephalopathy Progressive degenerative neurologicaldiseases including scrapie (in sheep), bovine spongiformencephalopathy (BSE, in cattle) and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease(in human beings). Believed to be caused by prions. BSE isbelieved to originate from infected meat and bone meal in cattlefeed concentrates, and early onset Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease(new variant or nvCJD) has been linked to consumption of beeffrom animals affected by BSE.A ban on specified bovine offal in food and feedstuffs, a banon sale of meat from cattle more than 30 months old (reducingto 24 months in 2005) and a policy of slaughtering affectedanimals have resulted in a dramatic fall in the number ofconfirmed cases of BSE. The important unknown factor is theincubation period in human beings.spores Bacterial spores are a resting state, resistant to heat, whichcan germinate to produce bacteria under suitable conditions.Spore formation only occurs in some species, when the organismencounters adverse conditions (e.g. dryness, lack of nutrients).