Benders'dictionary of nutrition and food technology

70Bombay mix See chevda.bomb calorimeter See calorimeter.bombil See bombay duck.Bond’s law Equation to calculate the energy cost of reducing particlesize, based on the diameter of a sieve that allows 80% of thefeedstock to pass and that of a sieve that allows 80% of theground material to pass.See also comminution; kick’s law; rittinger’s law.bone Bones consist of an organic matrix composed of collagenand other proteins and crystalline mineral, mainly hydroxyapatite(calcium phosphate and hydroxide), together with magnesiumphosphate, fluorides and sulphates.Cortical (compact) bone forms the outer shell of bones; it is asolid mass of bony tissue.Spongy (cancellous) bone beneath the cortical bone consistsof a meshwork of trabeculae with interconnecting spaces containingbone marrow.Bone density can be assessed as an index of calcium andvitamin d status by X-ray, photon absorptiometry or neutronactivation analysis.See also calcium; marrow (1); osteomalacia; osteoporosis;rickets.bone broth Prepared by prolonged boiling of bones to breakdown the collagen and extract it as gelatine.Of little nutritivevalue, consisting of 2–4% gelatine, with little calcium.bone charcoal Animal charcoal, produced by heating pieces ofbone sufficiently to burn off the organic matter, leaving thecarbon deposited on a framework of calcium carbonate. It is usedto purify solutions because it will absorb colouring matter andother impurities.bone meal Prepared from degreased bones and used as a supplementin both animal and human foods as a source of calciumand phosphate. Also used as a plant fertiliser; a slowly releasedsource of phosphate.bongkrek Indonesian; fermented coconut press cake. Rhizopusoligosporus and Neurospora sitophila are the fermenting fungi.If the pH is above 6, it can be infected with Pseudomonascocovenenans, which produces the toxins bongkrekic acid andtoxoflavin.bonito Any of the various species of tuna.Bontrae TM textured vegetable protein prepared by spinning orextrusion.boracic acid See boric acid.borage A herb, Borago officinalis.The flowers and leaves have acucumber-like flavour and are used to flavour drinks, salads and