Benders'dictionary of nutrition and food technology

269K m The Michaelis constant of an enzyme. A measure of the affinityof the enzyme for its substrate, equal to the concentration ofsubstrate at which the enzyme achieves half its maximum rate ofactivity.kneading To work dough by stretching and folding until itachieves the required consistency.knee height Distance from the heel to the anterior surface ofthe thigh, proximal to the patella. Highly correlated withstature, and used as a surrogate measure of height in peoplewith severe spinal curvature or those who are unable tostand.knocked corn Orkneys, historical; threshed barley lightly bruisedin a mortar with warm water; the husks were floated off and thegrains boiled.kohlrabi Swollen stem of Brassica oleracea gongylodes (turniprootedcabbage, kale turnip); green and purple varieties.Composition/100 g: (edible portion 46%) water 91 g, 113 kJ(27 kcal), protein 1.7 g, fat 0.1 g, carbohydrate 6.2 g (2.6 g sugars),fibre 3.6g, ash 1g, Ca 24mg, Fe 0.4mg, Mg 19mg, P 46mg, K350 mg, Na 20 mg, Cu 0.1 mg, Mn 0.1 mg, Se 0.7 µg, vitamin A 2µgRE (22 µg carotenoids), E 0.5 mg, K 0.1 mg, B 1 0.05 mg, B 20.02 mg, niacin 0.4 mg, B 6 0.15 mg, folate 16 µg, pantothenate0.2 mg, C 62 mg. A 30 g serving is a rich source of vitamin C.koilonychia Development of (brittle) concave fingernails, commonlyassociated with iron deficiency anaemia.koji Japanese; koji mould (Aspergillus oryzae) grown on roastedcereal to provide a starter for fermentation to produce natto andmirin.See also miso.koko West and central African; sour cereal porridge made frommaize, millet or sorghum that has been soaked and left toundergo lactic acid bacterial fermentation for 24 hours, thenboiled.kokoh In the Zen macrobiotic diet this is a mixture of groundseeds and cereals fed to young infants; it is deficient in a numberof nutrients and can result in growth retardation unlesssupplemented.kokum See cocoa butter equivalents.kola nut The seed of Cola nitida or other Cola species. The nutcontains approximately 1.5% caffeine and is used in beveragesand as an adjunct with other flavours.kolatchen Eastern European; sour cream biscuit made with flour,butter, sour cream and yeast, served warm.kolbasa Russian; garlicky well-seasoned pork and beef sausage;may be smoked.