Benders'dictionary of nutrition and food technology

84bones; the disease occurred in an area where rice was grown onland irrigated with contaminated waste water.Accidental contamination of drinking water with cadmiumsalts also leads to kidney damage, and enough cadmium canleach out from cooking vessels with cadmium glaze to pose ahazard.caecum The first part of the large intestine, separated from thesmall intestine by the ileocolic sphincter. It is small in carnivorousanimals and very large in herbivores, since it is involved inthe digestion of cellulose. In omnivorous animals, includinghumans, it is of intermediate size.See also gastrointestinal tract.Caerphilly Welsh hard cheese with sour flavour and crumblytexture.cafestol Diterpene in coffee oil, associated with reversible hypercholesterolaemiaand hypertriglyceridaemia and also possiblyan anticarcinogenic effect by enhancement of phase ii metabolismof foreign compounds. Only released into the beveragewhen coffee is boiled for a prolonged period of time.See also kahweol.caffeine A purine, trimethylxanthine, an alkaloid found incoffee and tea, also known as theine. It raises blood pressure, actsas a diuretic and temporarily averts fatigue, so has a stimulantaction.It acts to potentiate the action of hormones and neurotransmittersthat act via cAMP, since it inhibits phosphodiesterase(EC 3.1.4.17). It can also be a cause of insomnia insome people, and decaffeinated coffee and tea are commonlyavailable.coffee beans contain about 1% caffeine, and the beveragecontains about 70 mg/100 mL. Tea contains 1.5–2.5% caffeine,about 50–60 mg/100 mL of the beverage. cola drinks contain12–18 mg/100 mL.See also theobromine; xanthine.caffeol A volatile oil in coffee beans, giving the characteristicflavour and aroma.caking Undesirable agglomeration of powders as a result ofexposure to humidity. See also anticaking agents.calabasa West Indian or green pumpkin, with yellow flesh.calabash See gourd.calabrese An annual plant (Brassica oleracea italica), a variety ofbroccoli that yields a crop in the same year as it is sown. Alsocalled American, Italian or green sprouting broccoli.calamondin A citrus fruit resembling a small tangerine, with adelicate pulp and a lime-like flavour.