Benders'dictionary of nutrition and food technology

113chlorophyll, the product of hydrolysis of the phytol sidechain, by either enzymic action (chlorophyllase, EC 3.1.1.14) inthe vegetables or alkaline hydrolysis. Also formed enzymicallyby degradation of chlorophyll as fruit and vegetables ripen orage.See also pheophorbide; pheophytin.chlorothiazide diuretic drug used to treat oedema andhypertension.chlorpropamide An oral hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatmentof diabetes; it stimulates secretion of insulin.chlortetracycline An antibiotic.chlorthalidone diuretic drug used to treat oedema andhypertension.chocolate Made from cocoa nibs (husked, fermented and roastedcocoa beans) by refining and the addition of sugar, cocoabutter, flavouring, lecithin and, for milk chocolate, milk solids.It may also contain vegetable oils other than cocoa butter. Whitechocolate contains cocoa butter, but no cocoa powder.Cocoa beans grow in pods contained in a soft, starchy pulp.This is allowed to ferment to a liquid that drains away, leavingthe beans. They are roasted, broken into small pieces anddehusked, leaving ‘nibs’; this is finely ground to ‘cocoa mass’ andsome of the fat removed, leaving cocoa powder. The powder ismixed with sugar, cocoa butter (and milk powder for milk chocolate)in a melangeur, then subjected to severe mechanical treatment(conching).The fats can solidify in six polymorphs meltingat different temperatures and require cooling and reheating(tempering) before being moulded into a bar.See also cocoa; cocoa butter equivalents; cocoa buttersubstitutes.chocolate, drinking Partially solubilised cocoa powder for preparationof a chocolate-flavoured milk drink, containing about 75%sucrose.choke cherry Sour wild N. American cherry, fruit of Prunusvirginiana and P. edmissa.cholagogue A substance that stimulates the secretion of bilefrom the gall bladder.cholangitis Inflammation of the bile ducts.cholecalciferol See vitamin d.cholecystectomy Surgical removal of the gall bladder.cholecystitis Inflammation of the gall bladder.cholecystography X-ray examination of the gall bladder afteradministration of a radio-opaque compound that is excreted inthe bile. Cholangiography is similar examination of the bileducts.