Benders'dictionary of nutrition and food technology

126coffee A beverage produced from the roasted beans from theberries of two principal types of shrub: Coffea arabica (arabicacoffee) and C. canephora (robusta coffee). A third species(C. liberica) is of little commercial importance, but is valuablefor development of disease-resistant hybrids. niacin is formedfrom trigonelline during the roasting process, and the coffee cancontain 10–40 mg niacin/100 g, making a significant contributionto average intakes.Instant coffee is dried coffee extract which can be used tomake a beverage by adding hot water or milk. It may be manufacturedby spray drying (see spray dryer) or freeze drying.Coffee essence is an aqueous extract of roasted coffee; usuallyabout 400 g of coffee/L.Coffee contains caffeine; decaffeinated coffee is coffee beans(or instant coffee) from which the caffeine has been extractedwith solvent (e.g. methylene or ethylene chloride), carbondioxide under pressure (supercritical CO 2 ) or water. Coffeedecaffeinated by water extraction is sometimes labelled as‘naturally’ decaffeinated.Coffee-Mate TM Non-dairy creamer (see creamer, non-dairy)introduced by Carnation Co., 1961.coffee whitener See creamer, non-dairy.cognac brandy made in the Charentes region of NW France,around the town of Cognac, from special varieties of grape grownon shallow soil and claimed to be distilled only in pot, not continuous,stills; first distilled by Jean Martell in 1715. Sometimesused (incorrectly) as a general name for brandy.See also armagnac.cohort study Systematic follow-up of a group of people for adefined period of time or until a specified event, also known aslongitudinal or prospective study.cola drinks Carbonated drinks containing extract of cola bean,the seed of the tree Cola acuminata, and a variety of otherflavouring ingredients. Cola seed contains caffeine, and thedrink contains 10–15 mg caffeine/100 mL, unless decaffeinated.colcannon (1) Irish; potato mashed with kale or cabbage, oftenfried. See also bubble and squeak.(2) Scottish; cabbage, carrots, potatoes and turnips mashedtogether.colchicine An alkaloid isolated from the meadow saffron, orautumn crocus (Colchicum spp.). An old remedy for gout, itinhibits cell division, and is used in experimental horticulture toproduce plants with an abnormal number of chromosomes.cold preservation See campden process.