Benders'dictionary of nutrition and food technology

42nervous system actions, include dicyclomine, dicycloverine,propanetheline and hyoscine.See also antimotility agents.attapulgite See antidiarrhoeal agents.Atwater factors See energy conversion factors.aubergine The fruit of Solanum melongena, a native of SE Asia,widely cultivated and eaten as a vegetable, also known as eggplantand (in W Africa) field egg.Composition/100 g: (edible portion 81%) water 92.4 g, 100 kJ(24 kcal), protein 1 g, fat 0.2 g, carbohydrate 5.7 g (2.3 g sugars),fibre 3.4g, ash 0.7g, Ca 9mg, Fe 0.2mg, Mg 14mg, P 25mg, K230mg, Na 2mg, Zn 0.2mg, Cu 0.1mg, Mn 0.3mg, Se 0.3µg,vitamin A 1µg RE (16µg carotenoids), E 0.3 mg, K 3.5 mg, B 10.04 mg, B 2 0.04 mg, niacin 0.6 mg, B 6 0.08 mg, folate 22 µg,pantothenate 0.3 mg, C 2 mg. A 230 g serving (half fruit) is asource of Cu, pantothenate, a good source of folate, a rich sourceof Mn.audit ale Strong beer originally brewed at Oxford and CambridgeUniversities to be drunk on ‘audit days’.aurantiamarin A glucoside present in the albedo of the bitterorange which is partly responsible for its flavour.aureomycin Oxytetracycline, one of the tetracyclineantibiotics.autoclave A vessel in which high temperatures can be achievedby using high pressure; the domestic pressure cooker is anexample.At atmospheric pressure water boils at 100 °C; at 5 lb (35 kPa)above atmospheric pressure the boiling point is 109 °C; at 10 lb(70 kPa), 115 °C; at 15 lb (105 kPa), 121 °C and at 20 lb (140 kPa),126°C.Autoclaves have two major uses. In cooking, the higher temperaturereduces the time needed. At these higher temperaturesand under moist conditions, bacteria are destroyed more rapidly,so permitting sterilisation of foods, surgical dressings and instruments,etc.autocrine Production by a cell of hormones or growth factors thatinfluence the growth of the cell producing them.See also endocrine glands; paracrine.autoimmune disease Condition in which antibodies are producedagainst normal body tissues (autoantibodies). May be acause of pernicious anaemia, some forms of hypothyroidism andperhaps insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.autolysis Process of self-digestion catalysed by the hydrolyticenzymes normally contained in lysosomes. Responsible for the