Benders'dictionary of nutrition and food technology

121(2) Clinically, the menopause in women, or declining sexualdrive and fertility in men after middle age.clinching In food canning, loose attachment of the end of the canbefore heating to expel air.clofibrate See fibric acids.clone A colony of micro-organisms, or a plant or animal producedby vegetative (asexual) reproduction from a single cell, so thatall cells have identical genetic composition.cloning vector The dna of a plasmid or virus into which asegment of foreign DNA can be inserted in order to introduce anew gene into the cells of another organism.Clostridium Genus of spore-forming bacteria responsible forfood poisoning.Cl. botulinum causes botulism, a rare but often fatal form offood poisoning where the exotoxins are present in the food. Thespores are the most heat-resistant food poisoning organismencountered, and their thermal death time is used as a minimumstandard for processing foods with pH above 4.5.Cl. perfringens produces an enterotoxin in the gut. Infectivedose 10 7 –10 8 organisms, onset 8–16 h, duration 16–24 h,TX2.1.1.3.cloudberry An orange-yellow fruit resembling the raspberry inshape; Rubus chamaemorus, known as avron in Scotland, andbaked-apple berries in Canada.An extremely rich natural sourceof benzoic acid and will not ferment; remains fresh for manymonths without preservation.clouding agents Compounds added to clear fruit juices to givethem a (desirable) cloudy appearance; including extract of quillaiaor various emulsifiers, stabilisers or modified starches.clove A spice, the dried aromatic flower buds of Caryophyllusaromaticus; mother of clove is the ripened fruit, which is inferiorin flavour. A 2 g serving (1 tsp) is a good source of Mn.clupeine See protamines.cluster analysis Statistical technique to analyse data (e.g. fromfood consumption records) by classifying into groups or clusters,so that the degree of association is strong between members ofthe same cluster and weak between members of different clusters.See also dietary pattern analysis.CMC Carboxymethylcellulose. See cellulose derivatives.Co I, Co II Obsolete abbreviations for coenzymes I and II, nowknown as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (nad) and nicotinamideadenine dinucleotide phosphate (nadp), respectively.CoA Coenzyme A. See coenzymes; pantothenic acid.coacervation (1) The heat-reversible aggregation of the amylopectinform of starch, which is believed to be one of themechanisms involved in the staling of bread.