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Confederation, which retained the same borders as the former model. Ironically, in both cases those Germans living in the eastern Prussian provinces were excluded from ‘Germany’, while numerous non-Germans were included. With the defeat of Austria at the hands of Prussia in 1866, the two rivals finalised their separation in 1867 to form, on the one side, the ‘North German Confederation’, followed by the ‘German Empire’ in 1871 (which was in many respects more an extension of Prussia than a united Germany), and, on the other side, the dual monarchy of the ‘Austro-Hungarian Empire’. Thus, in this context ‘Germanic’ denotes the common German origins and language of both Germany and Austria, while ‘European’ is used here in a wider sense to include both continental Europe and Great Britain, in contrast to the German usage of ‘europäisch’ which at times referred only to ‘Central European’, and ‘Engländer’, which was generally used as a synonym for ‘British’ instead of today’s common usage, repeated in this study, as the combined population of the United Kingdom. Thus, it is my intention to identify and assess the literary representation and perception of New Zealand and the Maori in the selected works of German-speaking arrivals between 1839 and 1889 through initially examining the impact, influences and evolution of contemporaneous European philosophical beliefs and entrenched racial stereotypes, in conjunction with the ‘paradise’ motif of the early colonial propaganda in New Zealand, in order to analyse the changes in perceptions, impressions and opinions of the country as a whole and its inhabitants, and ultimately determine the extent to which they were able to achieve a credible Germanic perspective in the face of New Zealand’s history of dominant British stereotypes and images. Chapter One begins with an evaluation of the prevailing myths and stereotypes of the Maori and New Zealand which existed in the minds and pens of eighteenth and nineteenth-century European travellers, while Chapter Two concludes with a section on the influence of Georg Forster on the perception of New Zealand in Germany during the pre-colonising period in the late eighteenth century. Chapters Three to Seven focus on New Zealand during the colonising era in three main stages of its early European history: 1839 to 1849, 1850 to 1869 and 1870 to 1889. Chapter Three centres on the prominent writings of Ernst Dieffenbach, a German naturalist under the employ of the New Zealand Company at the beginning of the colonising period. Chapter Four introduces the published letters of Friedrich August Krull, the first German Consul in New Zealand in the 1860s, while Chapter Five offers a combined section on the works of two of the most influential German pioneers of New Zealand science, Ferdinand von Hochstetter and Julius von Haast, whose efforts are still felt today. Chapter Six then deals with the duality between the 7
econstructed posthumous diary of the Austrian naturalist, Andreas Reischek, and his own published material from the 1880s, which has contributed to the present controversy surrounding his name, followed by Chapter Seven, which concludes the study with an examination of the lesser-known literary contributions of Max Buchner, Franz Reuleaux, Otto Finsch, Alexander von Hübner and Robert von Lendenfeld. 8
Page 1 and 2: Copyright Statement The digital cop
Page 3 and 4: ABSTRACT: The aim of this research
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS: Abbreviations vi INTRODUC
Page 7 and 8: ABBREVIATIONS: AaW Aus allen Weltth
Page 9 and 10: This collection of travel writing i
Page 11 and 12: different genres, 10 but the wealth
Page 13: necessity of the various published
Page 17 and 18: However, given that preconceptions
Page 19 and 20: apocryphal) ‘Noble Savage’ livi
Page 21 and 22: was not perfect: Grey Savage societ
Page 23 and 24: positives and potentials, both real
Page 25 and 26: When it came to British propaganda,
Page 27 and 28: working-class crime and protest [wh
Page 29 and 30: CHAPTER TWO: Georg Forster (1754-94
Page 31 and 32: to the point where it became the ma
Page 33 and 34: who, whilst circumnavigating the gl
Page 35 and 36: mannigfaltiges, dunkleres Immergrü
Page 37 and 38: Wie betäubt standen wir da und das
Page 39 and 40: purely for hunting wood-pigeons 30
Page 41 and 42: However, he concludes that as the S
Page 43 and 44: “natural gateway”, both arrival
Page 45 and 46: comments on their nature. Ultimatel
Page 47 and 48: and respected warrior who achieved
Page 49 and 50: These at times brave, yet often rou
Page 51 and 52: ahnden, kaum aber hatte sie ihm ein
Page 53 and 54: welchem sie jetzt zu Markt kamen, l
Page 55 and 56: zusammenbringen und es geselliger m
Page 57 and 58: ten British seamen from the Adventu
Page 59 and 60: way in a state of lawlessness. 71 A
Page 61 and 62: However, in spite of endorsing the
Page 63 and 64: It was these images which entered t
Page 65 and 66:
plentiful quantities of fish of the
Page 67 and 68:
of their nature to seek for justice
Page 69 and 70:
eceiving dispensation for his docto
Page 71 and 72:
Dieffenbach would have been favoura
Page 73 and 74:
culture on the German people, 41 ni
Page 75 and 76:
deviation from the original stock;
Page 77 and 78:
expected to be sources of any consi
Page 79 and 80:
even then only in the distant futur
Page 81 and 82:
understood within the context of la
Page 83 and 84:
pests such as sandflies and mosquit
Page 85 and 86:
Although omitted from the extended
Page 87 and 88:
Jewish expression of their features
Page 89 and 90:
same dichotomy is present in Dieffe
Page 91 and 92:
een carried silently for forty year
Page 93 and 94:
The child […] is nursed with affe
Page 95 and 96:
expect as the result of the influen
Page 97 and 98:
the strength and courage of a devou
Page 99 and 100:
pakea [sic] (stranger) is doing”
Page 101 and 102:
coasts, and who have become convert
Page 103 and 104:
tomahawk out of his hands” and ha
Page 105 and 106:
gentlemen”, as are Roman Catholic
Page 107 and 108:
However, the main issue and stereot
Page 109 and 110:
mats with European blankets which
Page 111 and 112:
and would live in one community wit
Page 113 and 114:
livestock and agricultural equipmen
Page 115 and 116:
dem hinreichende Mittel zu Gebot st
Page 117 and 118:
Maori actions in battle to their be
Page 119 and 120:
CHAPTER FOUR: Friedrich August Krul
Page 121 and 122:
Neudorf, Hanover, Schönbach), West
Page 123 and 124:
same sense of sympathising with the
Page 125 and 126:
send back detailed reports on this
Page 127 and 128:
to reach this seemingly unattainabl
Page 129 and 130:
y the settlers “weil man sie für
Page 131 and 132:
Thus, the expensive market is contr
Page 133 and 134:
All in all, Krull displays a positi
Page 135 and 136:
Detailhandels, wie ich ihn bei eige
Page 137 and 138:
When invited into the chiefly home
Page 139 and 140:
herumlungern; so ist es aber nur no
Page 141 and 142:
Pferde. Ihre Hütten sind aber denn
Page 143 and 144:
europäischen Reitanzuge, auf dem K
Page 145 and 146:
Because Te Whiwhi owns such an abun
Page 147 and 148:
Before he leaves Otaki he notices a
Page 149 and 150:
erniedrigen mußte. Er ist übrigen
Page 151 and 152:
verschiedenen Häuptlinge mit ihren
Page 153 and 154:
expense of Maori, whose loss of lan
Page 155 and 156:
for the voyage, where he met such d
Page 157 and 158:
appointed Provincial Geologist in F
Page 159 and 160:
‘Volksausgabe’ between 1864 and
Page 161 and 162:
Hochstetter, meanwhile, already had
Page 163 and 164:
immer eines der besten Werke über
Page 165 and 166:
Due to the high regard he holds the
Page 167 and 168:
Government. In 1861 Sir George Grey
Page 169 and 170:
matter of time, in his opinion, tha
Page 171 and 172:
die Kurzsichtigkeit und den Unverst
Page 173 and 174:
europäische Wald- und Gebirgswege
Page 175 and 176:
schmerzlich, wie der unserer Hornis
Page 177 and 178:
Auckland itself is, in Hochstetter
Page 179 and 180:
Auckland von Landleben spricht, wo
Page 181 and 182:
Beyond the southern borders of Nels
Page 183 and 184:
Die Erziehung der Jugend erinnert a
Page 185 and 186:
Erdkampfes geblieben ist, so sind d
Page 187 and 188:
Engländer, welche mich im Auftrage
Page 189 and 190:
Ein gastfreier Empfang in dem Hause
Page 191 and 192:
outcome of such a process has led t
Page 193 and 194:
Man urtheile nicht nach einzelnen H
Page 195 and 196:
sich in deutlicher Schrift in ihrer
Page 197 and 198:
eluded the Maori: “Vielleicht bew
Page 199 and 200:
die Sünden, welche an den Eingebor
Page 201 and 202:
The peculiar characteristics of wan
Page 203 and 204:
Was anders kann Menschen dahin brin
Page 205 and 206:
eligious doctrines they follow “m
Page 207 and 208:
ights were settled, as well as the
Page 209 and 210:
ut also procrastinated too long at
Page 211 and 212:
Die Bewegung, welche mehr oder weni
Page 213 and 214:
welche sich in dieser Beziehung mit
Page 215 and 216:
On a positive note, there are no cl
Page 217 and 218:
When they arrive in the German town
Page 219 and 220:
Nevertheless, Haast finds as much p
Page 221 and 222:
Du hast viele andere Länder gesehe
Page 223 and 224:
Schild mit zwei schrecklich aussehe
Page 225 and 226:
needless destruction of nature for
Page 227 and 228:
ideas of a paradisical climate and
Page 229 and 230:
It was the beginning of Reischek se
Page 231 and 232:
Kastor on 11 February 1877 and arri
Page 233 and 234:
position of curator at the newly op
Page 235 and 236:
For the purpose of this chapter we
Page 237 and 238:
the German original nor the exact w
Page 239 and 240:
Es ließe sich noch vieles Interess
Page 241 and 242:
Flöte. Die jüngste Tochter des Fa
Page 243 and 244:
auf der Reise in meine Heimat” (2
Page 245 and 246:
This effect is aided by the fact th
Page 247 and 248:
they became extinct”. 70 King too
Page 249 and 250:
ecommendation occurred through his
Page 251 and 252:
Mantel Natur” (110), the Maori li
Page 253 and 254:
unaccustomed climate), 104 some pig
Page 255 and 256:
watch them day and night, destroyin
Page 257 and 258:
Vögel, welche vernichtet oder vers
Page 259 and 260:
found their way into private collec
Page 261 and 262:
“Er hat den Teufel auf mich losge
Page 263 and 264:
The two half-castes who aided Reisc
Page 265 and 266:
Europeanised and the rare birdlife
Page 267 and 268:
Wahanui […] war in europäischen
Page 269 and 270:
Maioha’s wife, who is described a
Page 271 and 272:
In answer to the King’s question
Page 273 and 274:
“Ich begrüße dich als unsern Fr
Page 275 and 276:
value of its feathers, leading to t
Page 277 and 278:
honoured guest, as the gift from an
Page 279 and 280:
Although it is not certain what spe
Page 281 and 282:
absent chiefs, and met Toetoe’s w
Page 283 and 284:
Gesellschaftskreisen bewegt hatte
Page 285 and 286:
saßen im Kreise um mich und weinte
Page 287 and 288:
Der Einfluss der Civilisation wird
Page 289 and 290:
“[D]en braven und gutten [sic] Pi
Page 291 and 292:
Zweikampfe anzutreten; die Schußwa
Page 293 and 294:
Selwyn sandte ins wesleyanische Geb
Page 295 and 296:
Hepanaia wurde zwar bald abgekühlt
Page 297 and 298:
about the impact of foreign species
Page 299 and 300:
CHAPTER SEVEN: Progress versus Arca
Page 301 and 302:
£7.8 million in 1870 to £40.6 mil
Page 303 and 304:
Lehrerinnen mit grosser Schwierigke
Page 305 and 306:
Zealand, but a curious European ple
Page 307 and 308:
deren ich mich nicht mehr fähig hi
Page 309 and 310:
Dort wären noch viele werthvolle D
Page 311 and 312:
of the 2nd. 67 Before their departu
Page 313 and 314:
Wer tapu oder einen unter tapu Steh
Page 315 and 316:
they are in the process of doing so
Page 317 and 318:
first impressions gleaned from even
Page 319 and 320:
Thanks largely to his “genialen i
Page 321 and 322:
Finsch is disappointed with both th
Page 323 and 324:
offer to take him to his residence,
Page 325 and 326:
said to possess “all the experien
Page 327 and 328:
Morgens Glockengeläute, abends fei
Page 329 and 330:
The description of Auckland, with i
Page 331 and 332:
The most pressing issue in the colo
Page 333 and 334:
Unabhängigkeitssinn, die Tapferkei
Page 335 and 336:
Lendenfeld wrote numerous scientifi
Page 337 and 338:
könnte - von allem das Schönste,
Page 339 and 340:
haben”, 227 are subject to the sa
Page 341 and 342:
the Maori as well as an ethnologica
Page 343 and 344:
final work on New Zealand when repr
Page 345 and 346:
CONCLUSION: The Germanic Perspectiv
Page 347 and 348:
the time encouraged the critiquing
Page 349 and 350:
education in the natural sciences,
Page 351 and 352:
BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1. Unpublished Materi
Page 353 and 354:
2. Published Material A. Primary Li
Page 355 and 356:
__________. “Skizzen aus Neuseela
Page 357 and 358:
______. Observations Made During a
Page 359 and 360:
Hochstetter, Ferdinand von. “Die
Page 361 and 362:
Lauper, Jakob. Over the Whitcombe P
Page 363 and 364:
_______. “Das ehemalige Jagdwild
Page 365 and 366:
Reuleaux, Franz. “Ein Ausflug nac
Page 367 and 368:
Davis, Charles Oliver B. Maori Mome
Page 369 and 370:
“Aus den kolonialleben Neuseeland
Page 371 and 372:
“Die Industrie der Maoris auf der
Page 373 and 374:
“The Search for Lieutenant Zurn
Page 375 and 376:
_____. “Hochstetter - Father of N
Page 377 and 378:
Belich, James. “Cameron, Duncan A
Page 379 and 380:
Cowan, James. “Our Native Wilds:
Page 381 and 382:
Green, W. S. “Dr. R. v. Lendenfel
Page 383 and 384:
Holdaway, R. N., and C. Jacomb. “
Page 385 and 386:
Leerssen, Joep. “Echoes and Image
Page 387 and 388:
_____. “Te Rauparaha ? - 1849: Ng
Page 389 and 390:
Schlegel, Friedrich von. “Georg F
Page 391 and 392:
______. “ ‘On the Varieties of
Page 393 and 394:
Arnold, Rollo. The Farthest Promise
Page 395 and 396:
Cometti, Ronald. Little Barrier Isl
Page 397 and 398:
Jones, Pei Te Hurinui. King Potatau
Page 399 and 400:
Orange, Claudia. The Treaty of Wait
Page 401:
Werness, Hope B. The Continuum Ency
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