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‘The Paradise of the Southern Hemisphere’ The Perception of New Zealand and the Maori in Written Accounts of German-speaking Explorers and Travellers 1839-1889 _______________________________________________ Oliver J. Harrison ____________________________ A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in German, The University of Auckland, 2006
ABSTRACT: The aim of this research is to examine the much neglected body of writings on New Zealand and the Maori by German-speaking explorers and travellers during the colonising period of the 1840s to 1880s. To the nineteenth-century breed of visitor from Germany and Austria, ‘Old’ New Zealand often presented itself as an unexplored field of scientific curiosities, from botany and geology to ornithology and ethnology, at the same time as a paradise for immigrant workers. The investigation begins with an evaluation of the eighteenth-century account of Georg Forster, who accompanied Captain Cook on his second voyage to the South Pacific. Forster’s account is entrenched in the early racial stereotypes and theories of the ‘savage’, and provides the first major primary source for all of German-speaking Europe up to the period under investigation. The second main source to be considered is the dominant ‘paradise’ image which evolved out of the propaganda of the New Zealand Company and continued right through the colonising era. The principal figures to be examined include Ernst Dieffenbach, the official Company naturalist, Friedrich August Krull, the first German Consul in New Zealand, Ferdinand von Hochstetter, the resident geologist on the Novara expedition, Julius von Haast, the founder and director of the Canterbury Museum, Andreas Reischek, the taxidermist and collector, as well as other notable visitors including Max Buchner, Franz Reuleaux, Otto Finsch, Alexander von Hübner and Robert von Lendenfeld. Thus, it is the goal of this investigation to analyse the perception of New Zealand and the Maori in selected works by German-speaking explorers and travellers who arrived in the colony between 1839 and 1889 through, first of all, confronting the prevailing stereotypes and images inherent in the philosophical attitudes of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries towards the ‘savage’ and those present in the ‘paradise’ rhetoric of the British campaigners of colonisation, and secondly, examining the origins, patterns and evolution of their respective perceptions, impressions and opinions in order to reveal the true extent of their non- British ‘Germanic’ viewpoint. ii
Page 1: Copyright Statement The digital cop
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS: Abbreviations vi INTRODUC
Page 7 and 8: ABBREVIATIONS: AaW Aus allen Weltth
Page 9 and 10: This collection of travel writing i
Page 11 and 12: different genres, 10 but the wealth
Page 13 and 14: necessity of the various published
Page 15 and 16: econstructed posthumous diary of th
Page 17 and 18: However, given that preconceptions
Page 19 and 20: apocryphal) ‘Noble Savage’ livi
Page 21 and 22: was not perfect: Grey Savage societ
Page 23 and 24: positives and potentials, both real
Page 25 and 26: When it came to British propaganda,
Page 27 and 28: working-class crime and protest [wh
Page 29 and 30: CHAPTER TWO: Georg Forster (1754-94
Page 31 and 32: to the point where it became the ma
Page 33 and 34: who, whilst circumnavigating the gl
Page 35 and 36: mannigfaltiges, dunkleres Immergrü
Page 37 and 38: Wie betäubt standen wir da und das
Page 39 and 40: purely for hunting wood-pigeons 30
Page 41 and 42: However, he concludes that as the S
Page 43 and 44: “natural gateway”, both arrival
Page 45 and 46: comments on their nature. Ultimatel
Page 47 and 48: and respected warrior who achieved
Page 49 and 50: These at times brave, yet often rou
Page 51 and 52: ahnden, kaum aber hatte sie ihm ein
Page 53 and 54:
welchem sie jetzt zu Markt kamen, l
Page 55 and 56:
zusammenbringen und es geselliger m
Page 57 and 58:
ten British seamen from the Adventu
Page 59 and 60:
way in a state of lawlessness. 71 A
Page 61 and 62:
However, in spite of endorsing the
Page 63 and 64:
It was these images which entered t
Page 65 and 66:
plentiful quantities of fish of the
Page 67 and 68:
of their nature to seek for justice
Page 69 and 70:
eceiving dispensation for his docto
Page 71 and 72:
Dieffenbach would have been favoura
Page 73 and 74:
culture on the German people, 41 ni
Page 75 and 76:
deviation from the original stock;
Page 77 and 78:
expected to be sources of any consi
Page 79 and 80:
even then only in the distant futur
Page 81 and 82:
understood within the context of la
Page 83 and 84:
pests such as sandflies and mosquit
Page 85 and 86:
Although omitted from the extended
Page 87 and 88:
Jewish expression of their features
Page 89 and 90:
same dichotomy is present in Dieffe
Page 91 and 92:
een carried silently for forty year
Page 93 and 94:
The child […] is nursed with affe
Page 95 and 96:
expect as the result of the influen
Page 97 and 98:
the strength and courage of a devou
Page 99 and 100:
pakea [sic] (stranger) is doing”
Page 101 and 102:
coasts, and who have become convert
Page 103 and 104:
tomahawk out of his hands” and ha
Page 105 and 106:
gentlemen”, as are Roman Catholic
Page 107 and 108:
However, the main issue and stereot
Page 109 and 110:
mats with European blankets which
Page 111 and 112:
and would live in one community wit
Page 113 and 114:
livestock and agricultural equipmen
Page 115 and 116:
dem hinreichende Mittel zu Gebot st
Page 117 and 118:
Maori actions in battle to their be
Page 119 and 120:
CHAPTER FOUR: Friedrich August Krul
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Neudorf, Hanover, Schönbach), West
Page 123 and 124:
same sense of sympathising with the
Page 125 and 126:
send back detailed reports on this
Page 127 and 128:
to reach this seemingly unattainabl
Page 129 and 130:
y the settlers “weil man sie für
Page 131 and 132:
Thus, the expensive market is contr
Page 133 and 134:
All in all, Krull displays a positi
Page 135 and 136:
Detailhandels, wie ich ihn bei eige
Page 137 and 138:
When invited into the chiefly home
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herumlungern; so ist es aber nur no
Page 141 and 142:
Pferde. Ihre Hütten sind aber denn
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europäischen Reitanzuge, auf dem K
Page 145 and 146:
Because Te Whiwhi owns such an abun
Page 147 and 148:
Before he leaves Otaki he notices a
Page 149 and 150:
erniedrigen mußte. Er ist übrigen
Page 151 and 152:
verschiedenen Häuptlinge mit ihren
Page 153 and 154:
expense of Maori, whose loss of lan
Page 155 and 156:
for the voyage, where he met such d
Page 157 and 158:
appointed Provincial Geologist in F
Page 159 and 160:
‘Volksausgabe’ between 1864 and
Page 161 and 162:
Hochstetter, meanwhile, already had
Page 163 and 164:
immer eines der besten Werke über
Page 165 and 166:
Due to the high regard he holds the
Page 167 and 168:
Government. In 1861 Sir George Grey
Page 169 and 170:
matter of time, in his opinion, tha
Page 171 and 172:
die Kurzsichtigkeit und den Unverst
Page 173 and 174:
europäische Wald- und Gebirgswege
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schmerzlich, wie der unserer Hornis
Page 177 and 178:
Auckland itself is, in Hochstetter
Page 179 and 180:
Auckland von Landleben spricht, wo
Page 181 and 182:
Beyond the southern borders of Nels
Page 183 and 184:
Die Erziehung der Jugend erinnert a
Page 185 and 186:
Erdkampfes geblieben ist, so sind d
Page 187 and 188:
Engländer, welche mich im Auftrage
Page 189 and 190:
Ein gastfreier Empfang in dem Hause
Page 191 and 192:
outcome of such a process has led t
Page 193 and 194:
Man urtheile nicht nach einzelnen H
Page 195 and 196:
sich in deutlicher Schrift in ihrer
Page 197 and 198:
eluded the Maori: “Vielleicht bew
Page 199 and 200:
die Sünden, welche an den Eingebor
Page 201 and 202:
The peculiar characteristics of wan
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Was anders kann Menschen dahin brin
Page 205 and 206:
eligious doctrines they follow “m
Page 207 and 208:
ights were settled, as well as the
Page 209 and 210:
ut also procrastinated too long at
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Die Bewegung, welche mehr oder weni
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welche sich in dieser Beziehung mit
Page 215 and 216:
On a positive note, there are no cl
Page 217 and 218:
When they arrive in the German town
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Nevertheless, Haast finds as much p
Page 221 and 222:
Du hast viele andere Länder gesehe
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Schild mit zwei schrecklich aussehe
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needless destruction of nature for
Page 227 and 228:
ideas of a paradisical climate and
Page 229 and 230:
It was the beginning of Reischek se
Page 231 and 232:
Kastor on 11 February 1877 and arri
Page 233 and 234:
position of curator at the newly op
Page 235 and 236:
For the purpose of this chapter we
Page 237 and 238:
the German original nor the exact w
Page 239 and 240:
Es ließe sich noch vieles Interess
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Flöte. Die jüngste Tochter des Fa
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auf der Reise in meine Heimat” (2
Page 245 and 246:
This effect is aided by the fact th
Page 247 and 248:
they became extinct”. 70 King too
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ecommendation occurred through his
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Mantel Natur” (110), the Maori li
Page 253 and 254:
unaccustomed climate), 104 some pig
Page 255 and 256:
watch them day and night, destroyin
Page 257 and 258:
Vögel, welche vernichtet oder vers
Page 259 and 260:
found their way into private collec
Page 261 and 262:
“Er hat den Teufel auf mich losge
Page 263 and 264:
The two half-castes who aided Reisc
Page 265 and 266:
Europeanised and the rare birdlife
Page 267 and 268:
Wahanui […] war in europäischen
Page 269 and 270:
Maioha’s wife, who is described a
Page 271 and 272:
In answer to the King’s question
Page 273 and 274:
“Ich begrüße dich als unsern Fr
Page 275 and 276:
value of its feathers, leading to t
Page 277 and 278:
honoured guest, as the gift from an
Page 279 and 280:
Although it is not certain what spe
Page 281 and 282:
absent chiefs, and met Toetoe’s w
Page 283 and 284:
Gesellschaftskreisen bewegt hatte
Page 285 and 286:
saßen im Kreise um mich und weinte
Page 287 and 288:
Der Einfluss der Civilisation wird
Page 289 and 290:
“[D]en braven und gutten [sic] Pi
Page 291 and 292:
Zweikampfe anzutreten; die Schußwa
Page 293 and 294:
Selwyn sandte ins wesleyanische Geb
Page 295 and 296:
Hepanaia wurde zwar bald abgekühlt
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about the impact of foreign species
Page 299 and 300:
CHAPTER SEVEN: Progress versus Arca
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£7.8 million in 1870 to £40.6 mil
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Lehrerinnen mit grosser Schwierigke
Page 305 and 306:
Zealand, but a curious European ple
Page 307 and 308:
deren ich mich nicht mehr fähig hi
Page 309 and 310:
Dort wären noch viele werthvolle D
Page 311 and 312:
of the 2nd. 67 Before their departu
Page 313 and 314:
Wer tapu oder einen unter tapu Steh
Page 315 and 316:
they are in the process of doing so
Page 317 and 318:
first impressions gleaned from even
Page 319 and 320:
Thanks largely to his “genialen i
Page 321 and 322:
Finsch is disappointed with both th
Page 323 and 324:
offer to take him to his residence,
Page 325 and 326:
said to possess “all the experien
Page 327 and 328:
Morgens Glockengeläute, abends fei
Page 329 and 330:
The description of Auckland, with i
Page 331 and 332:
The most pressing issue in the colo
Page 333 and 334:
Unabhängigkeitssinn, die Tapferkei
Page 335 and 336:
Lendenfeld wrote numerous scientifi
Page 337 and 338:
könnte - von allem das Schönste,
Page 339 and 340:
haben”, 227 are subject to the sa
Page 341 and 342:
the Maori as well as an ethnologica
Page 343 and 344:
final work on New Zealand when repr
Page 345 and 346:
CONCLUSION: The Germanic Perspectiv
Page 347 and 348:
the time encouraged the critiquing
Page 349 and 350:
education in the natural sciences,
Page 351 and 352:
BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1. Unpublished Materi
Page 353 and 354:
2. Published Material A. Primary Li
Page 355 and 356:
__________. “Skizzen aus Neuseela
Page 357 and 358:
______. Observations Made During a
Page 359 and 360:
Hochstetter, Ferdinand von. “Die
Page 361 and 362:
Lauper, Jakob. Over the Whitcombe P
Page 363 and 364:
_______. “Das ehemalige Jagdwild
Page 365 and 366:
Reuleaux, Franz. “Ein Ausflug nac
Page 367 and 368:
Davis, Charles Oliver B. Maori Mome
Page 369 and 370:
“Aus den kolonialleben Neuseeland
Page 371 and 372:
“Die Industrie der Maoris auf der
Page 373 and 374:
“The Search for Lieutenant Zurn
Page 375 and 376:
_____. “Hochstetter - Father of N
Page 377 and 378:
Belich, James. “Cameron, Duncan A
Page 379 and 380:
Cowan, James. “Our Native Wilds:
Page 381 and 382:
Green, W. S. “Dr. R. v. Lendenfel
Page 383 and 384:
Holdaway, R. N., and C. Jacomb. “
Page 385 and 386:
Leerssen, Joep. “Echoes and Image
Page 387 and 388:
_____. “Te Rauparaha ? - 1849: Ng
Page 389 and 390:
Schlegel, Friedrich von. “Georg F
Page 391 and 392:
______. “ ‘On the Varieties of
Page 393 and 394:
Arnold, Rollo. The Farthest Promise
Page 395 and 396:
Cometti, Ronald. Little Barrier Isl
Page 397 and 398:
Jones, Pei Te Hurinui. King Potatau
Page 399 and 400:
Orange, Claudia. The Treaty of Wait
Page 401:
Werness, Hope B. The Continuum Ency
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