Abelmoschus esculentus (L - the University of Maine at Fort Kent

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Kermath, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in the Americs REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Cooper 1949, Duke and Vásquez 1994, IBGE 1980, Kermath (notes), Naranjo 1991, Patiño 1968, Schultes and Raffauf 1990 Ilex opaca Aiton [includes I. opaca Aiton var. arenicola (Ashe) Ashe, I. opaca Aiton var. opaca] FAMILY: Aquifoliaceae (holly) ENGLISH: American holly (var. opaca), hammock holly (var. arenicola), scrub holly (var. arenicola) SPANISH: acebo USES/NOTES: Caffeine-free leaves have been used to make a tea that was popular during the American Civil War. Berries, however, can cause nausea and diarrhea. Also various medicinal uses. NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern U.S. REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Gibbons 1966, Kunkel 1984, Moerman 1998, Nelson 1994, Peterson 1977, Wunderlin and Poppleton 1977, Yanovsky 1936 Ilex paraguariensis J. St-Hil. [seen also as I. paraguayensis] FAMILY: Aquifoliaceae (holly) ENGLISH: Brazilian tea, Jesuit tea, maté, Paraguay tea, South American holly, South American tea PORTUGUESE: chá-de-mate, chá-do-Brasil, congonha, congonhinha, ervamate, herva-mate, mate, maté SPANISH: caá, caá guazú, herva maté, hierba del Paraguay, hierba mate, maté, té argentino, té brasileño, té del Paraguay, yerba maté, yerba de maté USES/NOTES: Caffeine-rich leaves and shoots are the principal maté of commerce, used to make a stimulating hot beverage more widely consumed than coffee and true tea (Camellia sinensis) in portions of Argentina, southern Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. NATURAL RANGE: Border region of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Cooper 1949, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Facciola 1990, López et al. 1987, Mabberley 1987, Porter 1950, Rehm and Espig 1991, von Reis Altschul 1973 Ilex verticillata (L.) Gray FAMILY: Aquifoliaceae (holly) ENGLISH: black alder, common winterberry, feverbush, winterberry SPANISH: acebo USES/NOTES: Caffeine-free leaves are made into tea. NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Harris 1972, Nelson 1994, Uphof 1968, Wunderlin and Poppleton 1977 Ilex vomitoria Aiton FAMILY: Aquifoliaceae (holly) DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE 378
Kermath, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in the Americs ENGLISH: Carolina tea, cassina, emetic holly, winterberry, yaupon, yaupon holly PORTUGUESE: apalachina, chá-dos-apalaches SPANISH: apalachina USES/NOTES: Dried, caffeine-rich, young leaves and twig tips have long been used by Amerindians to make a ceremonial or medicinal tea known as black drink, dark drink, or Carolina tea. Early pioneers used the brew as a beverage tea, though it must be consumed in moderation due to its emetic effects. Leaves also have been used to flavor ice cream and soft drinks. Berries are an emetic medicinal. Also planted as a landscape specimen, including a dwarf, fruitless variety, known as Schillings, used especially for hedges. NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern U.S. REFERENCES: Alston and Schultes 1951, Bailey Hortorium 1976, de Gámez 1973, Facciola 1990, Houaiss 1982, Jeffords 1949, Kermath (notes), Nelson 1994, Peterson 1977, Taylor 1998, Usher 1974, Wunderlin and Poppleton 1977, Yanovsky 1936 Illicium floridanum Ellis [syn. I. mexicanum A.C. Sm.] FAMILY: Illiciaceae (star-anise) or Magnoliaceae (magnolia) ENGLISH: Florida anise, Mexican anise tree, pole-cat-tree, purple anise, red-flowered anise, star anise, starbush, stink-bush, stinking laurel, tree anise SPANISH: anís USES/NOTES: Small dark seeds of the star-shaped, fluted fruit pod reportedly have been used as a spice. Fruit pods eventually explode after drying, which can send seeds flying up to several meters. The small, evergreen, understory shrub is also used in moist, shady landscapes for its showy, dark red to purple or rarely white, highly aromatic flowers. White-flowered cultivars are being sold in the horticultural trade. NATURAL RANGE: Flood plain forests of southern Georgia and adjacent Florida to Louisiana and an isolated population in Vera Cruz Mexico, which has been treated as a distinct species (I. mexicanum) REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Godfrey 1988, Hopkins 1972, Kermath (notes), Mabberley 1987, Nelson 1994, Thien et al. 1983 Illicium verum Hook.f. FAMILY: Illiciaceae (star-anise) or Magnoliaceae (magnolia) ENGLISH: China star anise, Chinese anise, star anise PORTUGUESE: anis, anis-estrelado, badiana-de-China SPANISH: anís estrella, anís estrellado USES/NOTES: Unripe fruits are chewed to freshen breath, dried fruits are used as a spice, and the distilled essential oil is used as a flavoring agent, especially for sweets and liqueurs. USES/NOTES: Cultivated for nearly two thousand years as a flavoring agent, the seeds are used in cooking, beverages, liqueurs, and confections. Both I. verum and the unrelated Pimpinella anisum (aniseseed) contain the compound “anethole,” which is used to make the DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE 379
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Abelmoschus esculentus (L - the University of Maine at Fort Kent

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