Abelmoschus esculentus (L - the University of Maine at Fort Kent

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Kermath, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in the Americs USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible, used to cure fevers, cough, and asthma, and are fed to animals. Liquid endosperm is drunk and after germination, the endosperm is eaten. Oil is extracted from the seeds and stems are a source of palm starch (sago) in the Orinoco delta. NATURAL RANGE: Atlantic coast of Central America to Ecuador, Colombia, northern Brazil, Venezuela, the Guianas, and Trinidad REFERENCES: Berg 1984, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Gómez-Beloz 2002, Henderson 1995, Henderson et al. 1995, Hoyas 1989, Jones 1995, Martin et al. 1987, Uphof 1968 Manihot esculenta Crantz [syn. M. dulcis Pax, M. utilissima Pohl] FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae (spurge) ENGLISH: bitter cassava, bitter manioc, cassava, gari, manioc, sweet cassava, sweet manioc, tapioca plant, yuca PORTUGUESE: bitter varieties- mandioca, mandioca-braba, mandiocabranca, mandioca-brava, mandioca-cacau, mandioca-vassourinha, maniva, tapioca; sweet varieties- aipi, aipim, macaxeira, mandioca-doce, mandioca-mansa, tapioca SPANISH: bitter varieties- atsa raoxo, cabeza de mono, canaqui, casabe, casava, caxcamote, guacamote, lengua de venado, mandioca, nasisi, palca, pata de paloma, poiquinihua, raoxo, ruma, runcha (dried), xëbi atsa, xoya atsa, yuca, yuca agria, yuca amarga, yuca brava, yuca morada; sweet varieties- aypi, cuacamote, huacamote, machetazo, mama, runcha (dried), sacharuma, sacharuna, yuca, yuca blanca, yuca dulce, yuca guariche, zopa USES/NOTES: Tubers, an important staple in the tropics, are eaten sliced and fried; sliced and pounded then fried; boiled; roasted; boiled in soups; grated and roasted to a grainy flour known locally as farine in Guyana; farinha, farinha de mandioca, or farofa (when a finer grade) in Brazil; chivé in Bolivia; and mañoco in Venezuela, and made into bread-like cakes called cassava. Tubers of bitter varieties must be cooked adequately to remove poisons (cyanogenic compounds) before eating, however, sweet varieties are eaten raw in Africa. Tubers also are a starch (tapioca) and alcohol source. Tapioca (or mañoco in Venezuela) consists of small white pellets eaten as a breakfast food in Amazonia or made into tapioca pancakes called beiju in Brazil. Plant juice is boiled to remove toxins then made into the popular tucupí sauce of Amazonian Brazil (cassarip in the Guianas) that is used in a variety of regional dishes. The sauce is mixed with cheese in Bolivia to make kuñapé. An alcoholic beverage (chicha in Spanish) is made by fermenting a mash often in containers with other plant ingredients. Previously, and still in some indigenous communities chicha is made by chewing the leaves and spitting them into the container to ferment. Although made differently, similar alcoholic beverages, known as sarawau and parakari, are made in Guyana. Young leaves of sweet varieties contain 5-10 percent protein and are eaten in places. Discarded stems of sweet varieties are fed to animals. DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE 454
Kermath, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in the Americs The poison content of the morphologically variable cultivars derives from the presence of cyanogenic glucosides and ranges from very low in sweet varieties to very high in bitter varieties. In sweet varieties, the poisons are found mainly in the root bark. Sweet varieties, previously recognized as M. dulcis, typically produce smaller tubers and are more susceptible to pests than bitter varieties. Domesticated occurred perhaps 10,000 years ago probably in South-central Brazil. NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America, possibly first cultivated by the Guarani in South-central Brazil (probably in what is now the state of Goiás); southern Mexico has been postulated as a possible second center of independent domestication REFERENCES: Allem 2002, Balagopalan 2002, Berg 1984, Bhat 1994, Boom 1987, Bourke et al. 1987, Cárdenas 1969, Davis 1996, Duke 1986, Duke n.d., Duke and Vásquez 1994, FUDENA n.d., Guia Rural n.d., Henkel 2004, Hillocks et al. 2002, IBGE 1980, Kermath (notes), León 1984, Mabberley 1987, Moran 1976, Mowat 1989, Nassar 1978, Niembro Rocas 1992, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Piperno et al. 2000, Sauer 1993, Schultes 1979a, Schultes 1984, Silva et al. 1977, Stone 1984, Wilson and Dufour 2002, Yamaguchi 1983 Manihot glaziovii Müell. Arg. in Mart. FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae (spurge) ENGLISH: Ceará rubber PORTUGUESE: mandioca-brava, maniçoba SPANISH: caucho blanco, caucho de Ceará, manisoba USES/NOTES: Tubers and seeds are edible, though infrequently eaten. NATURAL RANGE: Brazil REFERENCES: Burger and Huft 1995, Facciola 1990, OAS 1973 Manilkara bella Monach. [syn. Mimusops elata Allemão] FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla) PORTUGUESE: maçaranduba, maçaranduba-vermelha, paraju USES/NOTES: Martin et al. describe the fruit as edible. Also valuable and scarce lumber source. NATURAL RANGE: Brazil’s south-central coastal forest (Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo) REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Pennington 1990 Manilkara bidentata (A. DC.) A. Chev. subsp. bidentata [syn. M. balata (Pierre) Dubard, M. darienensis Pittier, Mimusops bidentata A. DC.] FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla) ENGLISH: balata, balata bullet tree, bullet tree, bully tree PORTUGUESE: balata SPANISH: acana-acana, acano, balata, balatá, balatá de Panamá, caimetillo, cuberu, leche de plátano, mupero, níspero, níspero montañero, purgo, purguo, purguo blanco, purguo morado, purguillo, purvio, quinilla, quinilla colorada, trapichero DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE 455
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Abelmoschus esculentus (L - the University of Maine at Fort Kent

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