Abelmoschus esculentus (L - the University of Maine at Fort Kent

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Kermath, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in the Americs cycasin before being eaten. Dense, shrubby, drought-tolerant Z. integrifolia is used increasingly, along with several exotic Zamia spp., as an urban landscape plant in Florida, and now is endangered in the wild due to habitat loss, previous harvest for starch, and the unscrupulous removal of wild specimens for urban planting. Cultivated also for the leaves, used like ferns for cut flower arrangements. Also a food source for the rare atala butterfly larvae (Eumaeus atala). Plants with wider leaflets, generally restricted to northeastern Florida and adjacent Georgia, were previously described as Z. umbrosa. NATURAL RANGE: Z. integrifolia from southern coastal Georgia and Florida, portions of the Bahamas, western Cuba, the Cayman Islands, and south-central Puerto Rico; Z. angustifolia from Eleuthera Island in the Bahamas and eastern Cuba; Z. portoricensis from Puerto Rico; Z. pumila from central Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and southern Puerto Rico REFERENCES: Bennett 1997, Dehgan 1983, Eckenwalder 1980, Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1993, Godfrey 1988, Kermath (notes), Morton 1977, Nelson 1996, OAS 1973, Rodríguez Martínez 1987, Stevenson 1987a, Stevenson 1987b, Stevenson et al. 1990, Uphof 1968, Ward n.d., Wunderlin 1998, Yanovsky 1936 Zamia lindenii Regel & André FAMILY: Zamiaceae (zamia) or Cycadaceae (cycad) SPANISH: acesiva, palma tabaquillo USES/NOTES: Seeds reportedly are eaten cooked. NATURAL RANGE: Andean Ecuador and Colombia REFERENCES: Dehgan 1983, Schultes and Raffauf 1990, Uphof 1968 Zea diploperennis Iltis, Doebley, & R. Guzmán FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass) ENGLISH: diploid perennial teosinte, perennial teosinte, teosinte PORTUGUESE: teosinto SPANISH: teosinte USES/NOTES: Seeds of this wild grass, only recently described by Western science, are occasionally eaten. May be useful in breeding with common maize (Z. mays). NATURAL RANGE: Jalisco, Mexico REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Iltis et al. 1979, McVaugh 1983, Native Seeds/SEARCH 1991, Smith 1994 Zea mays L. [Z. mays var. everta nomen illegit. has been applied to popping varieties] FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass) ENGLISH: corn, Indian corn, maize, pop corn PORTUGUESE: abati, avati, cabelo-de-milho, milho, pipoca (when popped), trigo-da-Turquia (antiquated) SPANISH: cha, chapalote (primitive landrace), choclero, choclo, jilote (immature and sweet corn in Mezoamerica), joba, maíz, maíz café (primitive landrace), maíz de Nueva Granada, muti, ob, oba, DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE 828
Kermath, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in the Americs palomitas (when popped), pe, pelo de choclo (corn hair), sara, trigo de las Indias, xëqui, zara USES/NOTES: Seeds are the corn, or maize, of international commerce, and are eaten cooked, ground into meal or flour, or popped. Tiny, tender immature ears (cob and all) are eaten in salads. An alcoholic beverage (chicha in Portuguese and Spanish) is fermented from the plant’s juices. Seeds are a source of edible and industrial oils and sweet syrup (corn syrup) of major commercial importance. Sweet fine fibers that encase the cob, known as corn silk or corn hair, are added to foods for flavor and as a thickening agent. People of Todos Santos Cuchumatán, Guatemala drink the liquid that they boil the corn in. Cobs and seeds of some varieties yield a purple dye. Worth more than $50 million in 1986 on the world market, maize is the third most valuable food crop in the world. In recent years, Z. mays has become an important source of ethanol. The Tarahumara of Mexico ferment a sour, yellowish alcoholic beverage known as tesgüino, which is an important cultural element of these natives of northwestern Mexico. Immature galls of Ustilago maydis, a dark fungus known by its Nahuatl name huitlacoche or cuitlacoche in Mexico and corn smut in English is harvested from maize plants (typically from the cobs, though also from tassels and nodes) and is eaten in cooked dishes and soups in Mexico. NATURAL RANGE: Domesticated in southwestern Mexico well over 7,000 years ago; diffused to Tabasco, Mexico at least 7,300 years ago and then into Central and South America; cultivated in Peru between 3,600 and 4,000 years ago REFERENCES: Antúnez de Mayolo 1989, Argüello 1991, Bird 1984, Boom 1987, Buitimea 2003, Carneiro Martins 1989, Duke 1986, Erwin 1950, Ford 1984, Fussell 1999, Galinat 1992, González 2001, Guia Rural n.d., Harris 1972, Iltis 1988, Johannessen 1992, Johannessen and Parker 1988, Johannessen and Parker 1989, Kermath (notes), Naranjo 1991, OAS 1973, Omawale 1973, Perry et al. 2006, Pohl et al. 2007, Schwanitz 1966, Soukup 1970, Smith 1994, Webster et al. 2005, Wellhausen et al. 1952, Zimmerer 1992 Zea mexicana (Schrader) Kuntze [syn. Z. mays L. subsp. mexicana (Schrader) Iltis, Euchlaena mexicana Schrader] FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass) ENGLISH: annual teosinte, tembe, teosinte PORTUGUESE: teosinto SPANISH: maíz café, milpa de pájaro, teosinte, teozintle USES/NOTES: Seeds and sweet green stems are edible, and dry seeds may be eaten popped. Used for forage in Mexico and the southwestern U.S., this wild annual species may be a progenitor of common maize (Z. mays) and may be useful in breeding with common maize. NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, perhaps southern Chihuahua, where it remains extant today, to the south-central Mexican plateau DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE 829
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Abelmoschus esculentus (L - the University of Maine at Fort Kent

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