Abelmoschus esculentus (L - the University of Maine at Fort Kent

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Kermath, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in the Americs USES/NOTES: Young leaves are eaten as vegetables, cooked or fresh, flowers are candied, and leaves are made into tea. NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Peterson 1977 Viola pedatifida G. Don f. FAMILY: Violaceae (violet) ENGLISH: larkspur violet, prairie violet, purple prairie violet USES/NOTES: Leaves are eaten fresh or cooked in soups and flowers are added to salads. NATURAL RANGE: Oklahoma and Arkansas of the U.S. REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Kindscher 1987 Viola sororia Willd. [syn. V. papilionacea Pursh] FAMILY: Violaceae (violet) ENGLISH: blue violet, butterfly violet, common blue violet, common violet, door-yard violet, hairy wood violet, hooded blue violet, sand violet, sisterly violet, wooly blue violet USES/NOTES: Thick, somewhat pubescent, dark green leaves, rich in vitamins A and C, are eaten like spinach, added to salads when still young, or used for tea. Showy, violet flowers and buds, rich in vitamin C, may be eaten raw, preserved, in cooked dishes, or candied. Some authors consider V. papilionacea a distinct species with a smaller range in the northern range of V. sororia. NATURAL RANGE: Eastern and central U.S. from the Dakotas and Maine to Texas and central Florida REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Crowhurst 1972, Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Gibbons 1966, Harrington 1967, Kartesz 1994, Kermath (notes), Kindscher 1987, Peterson 1977, Taylor 1998, Uphof 1968 Viola tricolor L. FAMILY: Violaceae (violet) ENGLISH: bird’s eye, bouncing bet, bullweed, garden pansy, heart’sease, johnny-jump-up, jump-up, pansy, pink-eyed-john, three-color violet, three-faces-under-a-hood, trinitaria, trinity violet, violet, wild pansy PORTUGUESE: amor-perfeito USES/NOTES: Leaves are eaten fresh, cooked in soups, or made into tea, and flowers are added to salads. NATURAL RANGE: Europe, widely naturalized REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, McPherson and Mcpherson 1977 Virola guatemalensis (Hemsley) Warb. [syn. Myristica guatemalensis Hemsley] FAMILY: Myristicaceae (nutmeg) SPANISH: cacao volador, sangre USES/NOTES: Dried seeds have been used to flavor chocolate. NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE 808
Kermath, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in the Americs REFERENCES: Hazlett 1979, La Rotta 1992, Molina 1975, OAS 1973 Virola sebifera Aublet [syn. V. venezuelensis Warb.] FAMILY: Myristicaceae (nutmeg) PORTUGUESE: bicuíba, ucumba-da-terra-firme, ucuúba, ucuúba-daterra-firme, ucuúba-vermelha, virola SPANISH: ayuku, ayuku ñojôdû, banak, camaticaro, cebada mocahua, cebo, cebo macho, chaldiande pelado, chalviande, comaticaro, come mono, conchillo, cordillero, cuajo, cuajo de tierra firme, cuajo negro, cuangare, cuangaré, cumala, cumala amarilla, cumala blanca, cumala colorada, cumala negra, cumala rosada, cumalilla gigante, cumalilla rosada, gabun, guapa, gunmacongue, huapa, huapa doncel, huambula, palo santo, picana negra, payo curu, sangre de toro, sebo, seboa, shu ainchi, sinchama, tangare chiquito, tarara, tsempu, virola grande, yaís, yekuana USES/NOTES: Leaves are used for tea, and seeds are used as an aphrodisiac. Seeds are an oil source, though perhaps not edible. NATURAL RANGE: Neotropical mainland from Honduras to Bolivia and Brazil REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Jardim Botânico de Brasília 1989, MBG n.d., OAS 1973, Renner et al. 1990, Vásquez 1997 Virola surinamensis (Rottb.) Warb. FAMILY: Myristicaceae (nutmeg) PORTUGUESE: ucuúba, ucuúba-amarela, ucuúba-de-baixo, ucuúba-deigapó, ucuúba-verdadeira SPANISH: cedrillo, cedro blanco, cuajo, cuajo morichalero, cumala blanca, guanabillo, hoja parda, sangrino blanco, ucahuba USES/NOTES: Seeds are the source of ucahuba or ucuiba butter, which is similar to cacao butter (from Theobroma cacao) and is used to flavor foods. NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, FUDENA n.d., La Rotta 1992, Silva et al. 1977, UFA/NYBG n.d., Uphof 1968 Vismia cayenensis (Jacq.) Pers. [syn. Hypericum cayennensis Jacq.] FAMILY: Clusiaceae (mangosteen) or Guttiferae (garcinia) PORTUGUESE: lacre, lacre-branco SPANISH: achotillo, achiotillo, carate, manchamancha, papano, sangregao, sangro SURINAMESE: pinga, pinja USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible. NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia through Venezuela and the Guianas to Trinidad and Tobago REFERENCES: Anderson and Posey 1989, MBG n.d., Silva et al. 1977 Vitex agnus-castus L. FAMILY: Verbenaceae (verbena) ENGLISH: chaste tree, hemp tree, monk’s pepper, sage tree DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE 809
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Abelmoschus esculentus (L - the University of Maine at Fort Kent

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