Russel-Research-Method-in-Anthropology

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458 Chapter 16 The social organization of the traditional fishing operation is more homogeneous, more expressive, and more collegial than that of the modern operation, but profits are lower. Based on the qualitative analysis, Van Maanen et al. were able to state some general, theoretical hypotheses regarding the weakening of personal relations in technology-based fishing operations. This is the kind of general proposition that can be tested by using fishing operations as units of analysis and their technologies as the independent variable. Donna Birdwell-Pheasant (1984) wanted to understand how differences in interpersonal relations change over time in the village of Chunox, Belize. She questioned 216 people about their relations with members of their families over the years, and simulated a longitudinal study with data from a cross-sectional sample. She checked the retrospective data with other information gathered by questionnaires, direct observations, and semistructured interviews. Table 16.4 shows the analytic framework that emerged from Birdwell-Pheasant’s work. Birdwell-Pheasant identified five kinds of relations: absent, attenuated, coordinate, subordinate, and superordinate. These represent the rows of the matrix in table 16.4. The columns in the matrix are the four major types of family relations: ascending generation (parents, aunts, uncles, etc.), siblings, spouse, and descending generation (children, nephews, and nieces, etc.). Birdwell-Pheasant then went through her data and ‘‘examined all the available data on Juana Fulana and decided whether, in 1971, she had a coordinate or subordinate relationship with her mother (e.g., did she have her own kitchen? her own wash house?).’’ (In Latin America, Juan Fulano and Juana Fulana are the male and female equivalents of ‘‘so-and-so’’—as in ‘‘Is so-andso married?’’) Birdwell-Pheasant repeated the process, for each of her 216 informants, for each of the four relations in table 16.4, and for each of the years 1965, 1971, 1973, 1975, and 1977. This required 216(4)(5) 4,320 decisions. Birdwell- Pheasant didn’t have data on all possible informant-by-year-by-relation combinations, but, by the time she was through, she had a database of 742 ‘‘power readings’’ of family relations over time and was able to make some very strong statements about patterns of domestic structure over time in Chunox. This is an excellent example of the use of qualitative data to develop a theory, and the conversion of qualitative data to a set of numbers for testing that theory. Stephen Fjellman and Hugh Gladwin (1985) studied the family histories of Haitian migrants to the United States. Fjellman and Gladwin found an elegant way to present a lot of information about those histories in a simple chart. Table 16.5 shows one chart for a family of four people in 1982. This Haitian American family began in 1968 when Jeanne’s father sent her to Brooklyn, New York, to go to high school. The single plus sign for 1968
Introduction to Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis 459 TABLE 16.4 Birdwell-Pheasant’s Matrix of Criteria for Assigning Values to Major Relationships between People in Her Study Major Types of Relationships Values of Ascending Descending Relationships Generation Siblings Spouse Generation Absent parents deceased, only child; sib- single or wid- no mature offmigrated perma- lings deceased, owed; spouse spring; all offnently, or migrated perma- migrated or spring deceased, estranged nently, or permanently or migrated perestranged estranged manently, or estranged Attenuated does not live with does not live with separation, but offspring do not parents or partici- siblings or partici- without final ter- live with parents pate in work pate in work mination of union; or participate in group with parent; groups with them; e.g., temporary work group with does visit and/or does visit and/or migration them; do visit exchange food exchange food and/or exchange food Coordinate participates in participates in married; in charge participates in a work group with work group with of own sex- work group with parents, sharing siblings under specific domain offspring, sharing decision-making parents’ authority; with minimal decision-making authority or works with sib- interference from authority lings only, sharing partner decision making Subordinate participates in participates in individual’s nor- dependent, elderly work group with work group of mal control within parent, unable to parent; parent siblings; other sex-specific work makes decisions sibling(s) make domain is interdecisions fered with by spouse Superordinate makes decisions participates in interferes with heads work group for dependent, work group with spouse’s normal that includes one elderly parent siblings; makes controls within or more mature who is unable to decisions for sex-specific offspring; makes work group domain decisions for group SOURCE: ‘‘Personal Power Careers and the Development of Domestic Structure in a Small Community’’ by D. Birdwell-Pheasant, 1984, American Ethnologist 11(4). Reproduced by permission of the American Anthropological Association. Not for further reproduction.
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H. Russell Bernard FOURTH EDITION R
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Research Methods in Anthropology Fo
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Contents Preface vii 1. Anthropolog
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Preface Since 1988, when I wrote th
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Preface ix sampling: why we do it a
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Preface xi 21, you will be able to
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Preface xiii testimony. There is an
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Preface xv begin writing the second
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1 ◆ Anthropology and the Social S
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Anthropology and the Social Science
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The Foundations of Social Research
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3 ◆ Preparing for Research Settin
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Preparing for Research 71 research
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Preparing for Research 73 morning u
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Preparing for Research 75 the AAA b
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Preparing for Research 77 showed wh
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Preparing for Research 79 That will
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Preparing for Research 81 mothers.
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Preparing for Research 83 gathering
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Preparing for Research 85 hypothesi
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Preparing for Research 87 I mention
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Preparing for Research 89 A Guide t
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Preparing for Research 91 people re
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Preparing for Research 93 Observed
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Preparing for Research 95 dent. (Re
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The Literature Search 97 too busy t
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The Literature Search 99 year, who
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The Literature Search 101 like demo
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The Literature Search 103 reports e
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The Literature Search 105 gists, in
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The Literature Search 107 Women Sca
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5 ◆ Research Design: Experiments
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Research Design: Experiments and Ex
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Sampling 147 ried around here deliv
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Sampling 149 the potential sampling
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Sampling 151 they’re joined by al
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Sampling 153 116. If the first rand
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Sampling 155 off base in our thinki
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Sampling 157 Cluster Sampling and C
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Sampling 159 Probability Proportion
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Sampling 161 you will properly surv
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Sampling 163 the cluster, the large
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Sampling 165 TABLE 6.2 Comparison o
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Sampling 167 25 Number of Household
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7 ◆ Sampling Theory Distributions
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Sampling Theory 171 In normal distr
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Sampling Theory 173 a lot of inform
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Sampling Theory 175 TABLE 7.2 All S
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Sampling Theory 177 12 10 Number of
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Sampling Theory 179 Calculating Sam
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Sampling Theory 181 Look up what’
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Sampling Theory 183 and we solve fo
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Sampling Theory 185 ables combine t
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Nonprobability Sampling and Choosin
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TABLE 8.4 Matches, Proportions of M
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Interviewing: Unstructured and Semi
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10 ◆ Structured Interviewing I: Q
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Structured Interviewing I: Question
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11 ◆ Structured Interviewing II:
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Structured Interviewing II: Cultura
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Scales and Scaling 319 10 times, or
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Scales and Scaling 321 students’
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Scales and Scaling 323 points. The
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Scales and Scaling 325 TABLE 12.2a
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Scales and Scaling 327 wealth in vi
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Scales and Scaling 329 You may obse
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Scales and Scaling 331 interitem co
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Scales and Scaling 333 ality of a s
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Scales and Scaling 335 TABLE 12.7 T
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Scales and Scaling 337 Having a Col
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Scales and Scaling 339 The Cantril
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Scales and Scaling 341 and has been
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Participant Observation 343 Romanci
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Participant Observation 345 sion, s
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Participant Observation 347 doses o
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Participant Observation 349 great s
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Participant Observation 351 less—
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Participant Observation 353 oped by
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Participant Observation 355 Graham
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Participant Observation 357 ters fr
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Participant Observation 359 washing
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Participant Observation 361 that yo
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Participant Observation 363 ‘‘c
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Participant Observation 365 hall wh
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Participant Observation 367 Maintai
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Participant Observation 369 not to
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Participant Observation 371 pletely
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Participant Observation 373 changed
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Participant Observation 375 Besides
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Participant Observation 377 Thomas
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Participant Observation 379 But not
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Participant Observation 381 baby’
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Participant Observation 383 into fo
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Participant Observation 385 in Mace
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14 ◆ Field Notes: How to Take The
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Field Notes: How to Take Them, Code
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Page 425 and 426: Field Notes: How to Take Them, Code
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Qualitative Data Analysis I: Text A
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Qualitative Data Analysis II: Model
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19 ◆ Univariate Analysis The next
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Univariate Analysis 551 But if you
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Univariate Analysis 553 TABLE 19.1
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Univariate Analysis 555 Notice in t
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Univariate Analysis 559 TABLE 19.3b
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Univariate Analysis 561 possible an
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Univariate Analysis 563 people hang
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Univariate Analysis 573 Number of C
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Univariate Analysis 575 some basic
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Univariate Analysis 577 interquarti
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Univariate Analysis 579 countries t
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Univariate Analysis 581 Both groups
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Univariate Analysis 585 would be no
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Univariate Analysis 587 rejecting H
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Univariate Analysis 589 lation, 68.
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Univariate Analysis 591 of Shipibo
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TABLE 19.13 Chi-Square for a Univar
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Bivariate Analysis: Testing Relatio
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TABLE 20.20 Correlation Matrix of A
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21 ◆ Multivariate Analysis Most o
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Multivariate Analysis 651 environme
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Multivariate Analysis 653 TABLE 21.
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TABLE 21.11 Wealth by Education, Co
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Multivariate Analysis 657 it is hig
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Multivariate Analysis 659 ideas abo
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Multivariate Analysis 661 You can a
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Multivariate Analysis 663 which mea
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Multivariate Analysis 667 In fact,
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Multivariate Analysis 669 under plo
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Multivariate Analysis 671 fr .968 R
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Multivariate Analysis 673 earity pr
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Multivariate Analysis 675 BTU and O
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Multivariate Analysis 677 Factor An
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Multivariate Analysis 679 columns h
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Multivariate Analysis 681 4. Across
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Multivariate Analysis 683 instead o
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Multivariate Analysis 687 1.71 1.32
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Multivariate Analysis 689 ‘‘chi
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Multivariate Analysis 691 6, 1, 4.
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Multivariate Analysis 693 Lambros C
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Multivariate Analysis 695 just beca
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698 Appendix A 32179 00597 87379 25
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APPENDIX B Table of Areas under a N
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702 Appendix B (A) (B) (C) (A) (B)
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APPENDIX D Chi-Square Distribution
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APPENDIX E F Table for the .05 Leve
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708 Appendix E F Table for the .01
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APPENDIX F Resources for Fieldworke
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712 References obesity in Saudi Ara
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714 References Beautrais, A. L., P.
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716 References the self-assessment
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718 References Bradburn, N. M. 1983
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720 References ments by considering
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722 References ing in reflected glo
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724 References village. In Self, se
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726 References Duncan, O. D. 1966.
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728 References achieve high respons
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730 References Gatz, M., and M. Hur
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732 References C2KBR/01-1. Washingt
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734 References study of relationshi
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736 References Hornik, J., and S. E
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738 References esses in survey rese
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740 References Kessler, R. C., and
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742 References Laban Moogi Gwako, E
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744 References Lewis, R. B. 2004. N
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746 References McCall, G. 1978. Obs
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748 References Morgan, D. L. 1997.
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750 References Oakhill, J., and A.
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752 References Piliavin, I. M., J.
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754 References nicity-of-interviewe
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756 References Rotton, J., and M. S
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758 References Schwarts, N. A. 2004
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760 References Smith, L. D. 1986. B
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762 References Stricker, L. J. 1988
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764 References pharmacists in HIV/S
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766 References Webb, E. J., D. T. C
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768 References Williams, T. 1996. E
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Subject Index Numbers in italics re
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Subject Index 773 Campos, Alberto,
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Subject Index 775 data analysis, 45
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Subject Index 777 external states,
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Subject Index 779 individual attrib
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Subject Index 781 median, 562, 563-
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Subject Index 783 parsimony, princi
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Subject Index 785 random digit dial
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Subject Index 787 simple scales, 31
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Subject Index 789 T-scores, 591 t-t
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Author Index Numbers in italics ref
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Author Index 793 Choi, N., 33 Choms
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Author Index 795 Gregson, S., 93 Gr
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Author Index 797 Leap, W., 376 LeCo
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Author Index 799 Rashid, R. G., 121
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Author Index 801 Vadez, V., 55, 93
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