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460 Chapter 16 TABLE 16.5 Family History of Haitian Migrants to Miami Marc Hughes & Anna Lucie Charles (adopted Helen Valerie Number in Year Jeanne (mother) (sister) (brother) son) (aunt) (cousins) Household 1968 1 1971 4 1975 5 1976 3 1978 * 4 1979 * 5 1982 * 4 SOURCE: S. M. Fjellman and H. Gladwin, ‘‘Haitian Family Patterns of Migration to South Florida’’ Human Organization, Vol. 44, pp. 307, 1985. Reprinted with permission from the Society for Applied Anthropology. shows the founding of the family by Jeanne. Jeanne’s father died in 1971, and her mother, sister, and brother joined her in New York. Jeanne adopted Marc in 1975, and in 1976 she and her mother moved with Marc to Miami. Lucie and Charles remained together in New York. The two minus signs in the row for 1976 indicate that Jeanne’s sister and brother were no longer part of the household founded by Jeanne. Two years later, in 1978, Lucie got married and Charles joined Jeanne’s household in Miami. Also in 1978, Jeanne began saving money and applying for visas to bring her cousins Hughes and Valerie to Miami. The asterisks show that these two people are in the process of joining the household. In 1979, Anna’s sister, Helen joined the family, and in 1982 Charles went back to New York to live again with Lucie. There is a lot of information in this chart, but the detail is gone. We don’t know why Jeanne went to the United States in 1968; we don’t know why Charles left Jeanne’s household in 1976 or why he rejoined the group in 1978. Fjellman and Gladwin present seven of these family history charts in their article and they provide the historical detail in vignettes below each chart. Their purpose in reducing all the historical detail to a set of pluses and minuses, however, is to allow us to see the patterns of family growth, development, and decay. Presenting Results: Causal Flow Charts Causal maps represent theories about how things work. They are visual representations of ideas that emerge from studying data, seeing patterns, and
START: SEARCH WHOLESALE MARKET FOR INFORMATION ON SUPPLY, DEALS, PURCHASES OR OTHER SOULARD VENDORS SELECT ITEM FROM MENTAL LIST OF REGULAR ITEMS NO IS PRODUCT IN SEASON? AVAILABLE AT WHOLESALE MARKET? DEMAND-SUPPLY ALGORITHM FOR STANDARD-QUALITY PRODUCE FIRMS YES BUY NORMAL Q WHAT IS THE SUPPLY TIGHT OF ITEM THIS WEEK FLOODED AT PRODUCE ROW? IS THE COST LOW ENOUGH FOR YOU TO BEAT SUPER- MARKET PRICES? NO OMIT ITEM OR BUY MINIMUM FOR REGULAR CUSTOMERS NORMAL BUY NORMAL Q BUY LIGHT (SOMEWHAT LESS THAN NORMAL Q) YES GO TO RELEVANT 'A' DEMAND-SUPPLY ALGORITHM FOR Q MISCELLANEOUS MODIFIERS: IF ITEM HAS BEEN SCARCE, INCREASE Q, IF PLENTIFUL, REDUCE Q. IF KIDS ARE HOME FROM SCHOOL, INCREASE Q. IF FIRST WEEK OF MONTH, INCREASE Q. IF LAST OF MONTH, REDUCE Q. IF ITEM CAN BE PRICED AT NEXT LOWER WHOLESALE-DOLLAR PRICE, COMPARED WITH RECENT PRICE, INCREASE Q. BUY Q CASES OF ITEM TIGHT OMIT ITEM OR BUY MINIMUM Q FOR REGULAR CUSTOMERS NO DEMAND-SUPPLY ALGORITHM FOR BARGAIN-QUALITY PRODUCE FIRMS WHAT IS THE SUPPLY OF ITEM THIS WEEK AT PRODUCE ROW? CAN YOU FIND A DEAL ON ITEM? YES NORMAL OR FLOODED BUY NORMAL Q HAVE I LOOKED FOR FOR ITEM ON SPECIAL CAN YOU FIND NO NORMAL NO ALL MY REGULAR ITEMS? SALE, HOW WERE SALES OR TIGHT A DEAL IN ITEM? OF ITEM LAST WEEK AT FLOODED YES SOULARD MARKET? YES YES DO NOT INCREASE Q TIGHT IS DEAL SHARED WITH OTHER SOULARD VENDORS? FOR ITEM ON SPECIAL SALE, HOW WERE SALES OF THAT ITEM LAST WEEK AT SOULARD MARKET? NO 'BINGO' CORNER MARKET BUY TWICE NORMAL Q NORMAL OR FLOODED BUY NORMAL Q OR A BIT MORE ARE MY STAND'S SLOTS FULL? NO LOOK FOR ITEMS MOST SIMILAR TO REGULAR ITEMS YES FOR EACH ITEM: HAVE I SOLD THIS ITEM SUCCESSFULLY? CAN MY WORKERS HANDLE THIS ITEM? WILL THIS ITEM YIELD ENOUGH GROSS SALES IF I BUY A REGULAR Q? WILL THIS ITEM YIELD ENOUGH NET INCOME TO JUSTIFY ITS COST? IF ONE OR MORE ANSWERS ARE 'NO' GO TO 'A' BUY NORMAL Q NORMAL OR FLOODED BUY A BIT MORE THAN NORMAL Q NO HOW WAS SUPPLY AT PRODUCE ROW THIS WEEK? TIGHT 'BINGO' BUY TWICE NORMAL Q IS DEAL SHARED WITH OTHER SOULARD MERCHANTS? YES BUY NORMAL TO ONE AND A HALF NORMAL Q LEGEND: Q = QUANTITY NO CAN I LEAVE A WORKER HOME? CAN I RISK SPREADING A REGULAR ITEM OVER TWO SLOTS? YES GO TO MARKET Figure 16.2. Plattner’s model for how merchants in the Soulard Market in St. Louis decide what and how much produce to buy. SOURCE: S. Plattner, ‘‘Economic Decision Making in a Public Marketplace.’’ American Ethnologist Vol. 9, p. 404, 1982. Reproduced by permission of the American Anthropological Association Not for further reproduction.
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H. Russell Bernard FOURTH EDITION R
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Research Methods in Anthropology Fo
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Contents Preface vii 1. Anthropolog
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Preface Since 1988, when I wrote th
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Preface ix sampling: why we do it a
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Preface xi 21, you will be able to
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Preface xiii testimony. There is an
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Preface xv begin writing the second
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1 ◆ Anthropology and the Social S
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Anthropology and the Social Science
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The Foundations of Social Research
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3 ◆ Preparing for Research Settin
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Preparing for Research 71 research
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Preparing for Research 73 morning u
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Preparing for Research 75 the AAA b
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Preparing for Research 77 showed wh
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Preparing for Research 79 That will
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Preparing for Research 81 mothers.
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Preparing for Research 83 gathering
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Preparing for Research 85 hypothesi
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Preparing for Research 87 I mention
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Preparing for Research 89 A Guide t
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Preparing for Research 91 people re
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Preparing for Research 93 Observed
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Preparing for Research 95 dent. (Re
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The Literature Search 97 too busy t
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The Literature Search 99 year, who
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The Literature Search 101 like demo
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The Literature Search 103 reports e
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The Literature Search 105 gists, in
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The Literature Search 107 Women Sca
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5 ◆ Research Design: Experiments
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Research Design: Experiments and Ex
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Sampling 147 ried around here deliv
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Sampling 149 the potential sampling
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Sampling 151 they’re joined by al
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Sampling 153 116. If the first rand
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Sampling 155 off base in our thinki
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Sampling 157 Cluster Sampling and C
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Sampling 159 Probability Proportion
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Sampling 161 you will properly surv
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Sampling 163 the cluster, the large
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Sampling 165 TABLE 6.2 Comparison o
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Sampling 167 25 Number of Household
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7 ◆ Sampling Theory Distributions
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Sampling Theory 171 In normal distr
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Sampling Theory 173 a lot of inform
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Sampling Theory 175 TABLE 7.2 All S
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Sampling Theory 177 12 10 Number of
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Sampling Theory 179 Calculating Sam
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Sampling Theory 181 Look up what’
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Sampling Theory 183 and we solve fo
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Sampling Theory 185 ables combine t
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Nonprobability Sampling and Choosin
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TABLE 8.4 Matches, Proportions of M
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Interviewing: Unstructured and Semi
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10 ◆ Structured Interviewing I: Q
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Structured Interviewing I: Question
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11 ◆ Structured Interviewing II:
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Structured Interviewing II: Cultura
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Scales and Scaling 319 10 times, or
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Scales and Scaling 321 students’
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Scales and Scaling 323 points. The
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Scales and Scaling 325 TABLE 12.2a
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Scales and Scaling 327 wealth in vi
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Scales and Scaling 329 You may obse
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Scales and Scaling 331 interitem co
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Scales and Scaling 333 ality of a s
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Scales and Scaling 335 TABLE 12.7 T
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Scales and Scaling 337 Having a Col
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Scales and Scaling 339 The Cantril
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Scales and Scaling 341 and has been
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Participant Observation 343 Romanci
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Participant Observation 345 sion, s
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Participant Observation 347 doses o
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Participant Observation 349 great s
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Participant Observation 351 less—
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Participant Observation 353 oped by
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Participant Observation 355 Graham
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Participant Observation 357 ters fr
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Participant Observation 359 washing
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Participant Observation 361 that yo
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Participant Observation 363 ‘‘c
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Participant Observation 365 hall wh
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Participant Observation 367 Maintai
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Participant Observation 369 not to
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Participant Observation 371 pletely
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Participant Observation 373 changed
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Participant Observation 375 Besides
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Participant Observation 377 Thomas
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Participant Observation 379 But not
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Participant Observation 381 baby’
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Participant Observation 383 into fo
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Participant Observation 385 in Mace
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14 ◆ Field Notes: How to Take The
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Field Notes: How to Take Them, Code
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Qualitative Data Analysis I: Text A
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Qualitative Data Analysis II: Model
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19 ◆ Univariate Analysis The next
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Univariate Analysis 551 But if you
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Univariate Analysis 553 TABLE 19.1
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Univariate Analysis 555 Notice in t
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Univariate Analysis 559 TABLE 19.3b
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Univariate Analysis 561 possible an
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Univariate Analysis 563 people hang
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Univariate Analysis 573 Number of C
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Univariate Analysis 575 some basic
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Univariate Analysis 577 interquarti
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Univariate Analysis 579 countries t
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Univariate Analysis 581 Both groups
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Univariate Analysis 585 would be no
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Univariate Analysis 587 rejecting H
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Univariate Analysis 589 lation, 68.
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Univariate Analysis 591 of Shipibo
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TABLE 19.13 Chi-Square for a Univar
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Bivariate Analysis: Testing Relatio
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TABLE 20.20 Correlation Matrix of A
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21 ◆ Multivariate Analysis Most o
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Multivariate Analysis 651 environme
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Multivariate Analysis 653 TABLE 21.
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TABLE 21.11 Wealth by Education, Co
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Multivariate Analysis 657 it is hig
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Multivariate Analysis 659 ideas abo
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Multivariate Analysis 661 You can a
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Multivariate Analysis 663 which mea
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Multivariate Analysis 667 In fact,
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Multivariate Analysis 669 under plo
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Multivariate Analysis 671 fr .968 R
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Multivariate Analysis 673 earity pr
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Multivariate Analysis 675 BTU and O
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Multivariate Analysis 677 Factor An
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Multivariate Analysis 679 columns h
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Multivariate Analysis 681 4. Across
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Multivariate Analysis 683 instead o
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Multivariate Analysis 687 1.71 1.32
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Multivariate Analysis 689 ‘‘chi
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Multivariate Analysis 691 6, 1, 4.
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Multivariate Analysis 693 Lambros C
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Multivariate Analysis 695 just beca
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698 Appendix A 32179 00597 87379 25
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APPENDIX B Table of Areas under a N
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702 Appendix B (A) (B) (C) (A) (B)
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APPENDIX D Chi-Square Distribution
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APPENDIX E F Table for the .05 Leve
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708 Appendix E F Table for the .01
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APPENDIX F Resources for Fieldworke
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712 References obesity in Saudi Ara
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714 References Beautrais, A. L., P.
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716 References the self-assessment
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718 References Bradburn, N. M. 1983
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720 References ments by considering
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722 References ing in reflected glo
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724 References village. In Self, se
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726 References Duncan, O. D. 1966.
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728 References achieve high respons
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730 References Gatz, M., and M. Hur
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732 References C2KBR/01-1. Washingt
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734 References study of relationshi
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736 References Hornik, J., and S. E
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738 References esses in survey rese
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740 References Kessler, R. C., and
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742 References Laban Moogi Gwako, E
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744 References Lewis, R. B. 2004. N
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746 References McCall, G. 1978. Obs
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748 References Morgan, D. L. 1997.
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750 References Oakhill, J., and A.
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752 References Piliavin, I. M., J.
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754 References nicity-of-interviewe
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756 References Rotton, J., and M. S
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758 References Schwarts, N. A. 2004
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760 References Smith, L. D. 1986. B
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762 References Stricker, L. J. 1988
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764 References pharmacists in HIV/S
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766 References Webb, E. J., D. T. C
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768 References Williams, T. 1996. E
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Subject Index Numbers in italics re
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Subject Index 773 Campos, Alberto,
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Subject Index 775 data analysis, 45
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Subject Index 777 external states,
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Subject Index 779 individual attrib
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Subject Index 781 median, 562, 563-
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Subject Index 783 parsimony, princi
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Subject Index 785 random digit dial
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Subject Index 787 simple scales, 31
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Subject Index 789 T-scores, 591 t-t
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Author Index Numbers in italics ref
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Author Index 793 Choi, N., 33 Choms
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Author Index 795 Gregson, S., 93 Gr
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Author Index 797 Leap, W., 376 LeCo
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Author Index 799 Rashid, R. G., 121
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Author Index 801 Vadez, V., 55, 93
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