Russel-Research-Method-in-Anthropology

Recommendations

Info

692 Chapter 21 Clusters of Cities The complete-link method tends to create more discrete clusters, while the single-link method tends to clump things together more. The method you choose determines the results you get. Look at figure 21.8a and b to see what Level 206 233 379 671 808 996 1037 1075 M I A M I S E A T T L E S F a. SINGLE LINK L A B O S T O N N Y D C C H I C A G O D E N V E R x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Level 206 379 429 963 1037 1235 1504 3273 M I A M I B O S T O N b. COMPLETE LINK C S H E I A C T A T N D G L S Y C O E F L A D E N V E R x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Figure 21.8. Complete-link and single-link clustering for the data in Table 21.26. happens when we use the single-link and complete link clustering methods on the data in table 21.26. To me, the complete-link method seems better with these data. Denver ‘‘belongs’’ with San Francisco and Los Angeles more than it belongs with Boston and New York. But that may be my own bias. Coming from New York, I think of Denver as a western U.S. city, but I’ve heard people from San Francisco talk about ‘‘going back east to Denver for the weekend.’’ Discriminant Function Analysis Discriminant function analysis (DFA) is used to classify cases into categorical variables from ordinal and interval variables. For example, we may want to classify which of two (or more) groups an individual belongs to: male or female; those who have been labor migrants vs. those who have not; those who are high, middle, or low income; those in favor of something and those who are not; and so on. DFA is a statistical method developed for handling this problem. It has been around for a long time (Fisher 1936) but, like most multivariate techniques, DFA has become more popular since user-friendly computer programs have made it easier to do.
Multivariate Analysis 693 Lambros Comitas and I used DFA in our study of two groups of people in Athens, Greece: those who had returned from having spent at least 5 years in West Germany as labor migrants and those who had never been out of Greece. We were trying to understand how the experience abroad might have affected the attitudes of Greek men and women about traditional gender roles (Bernard and Comitas 1978). Our sample consisted of 400 persons: 100 male migrants, 100 female migrants, 100 male nonmigrants, and 100 female nonmigrants. Using DFA, we were able to predict with 70% accuracy whether an informant had been a migrant on the basis of just five variables. There are some things you need to be careful about in using DFA, however. Notice that our sample in the Athens study consisted of half migrants and half nonmigrants. That was because we used a disproportionate, stratified sampling design to ensure adequate representation of returned migrants in the study. Given our sample, we could have guessed whether one of our informants was a migrant with 50% accuracy, without any information about the informant at all. Now, only a very small fraction of the population of Athens consists of former long-term labor migrants to West Germany. The chances of stopping an Athenian at random on the street and grabbing one of those returned labor migrants was less than 5% in 1977 when we did the study. Suppose that, armed with the results of the DFA that Comitas and I did, I asked random Athenians five questions, the answers to which allow me to predict 70% of the time whether any respondent had been a long-term labor migrant to West Germany. No matter what the answers were to those questions, I’d be better off predicting that the random Athenian was not a returned migrant. I’d be right more than 95% of the time. Furthermore, why not just ask the random survey respondent straight out: ‘‘Are you a returned long-term labor migrant from West Germany?’’ With such an innocuous question, presumably I’d have gotten a correct answer at least as often as our 70% prediction based on knowing five pieces of information. DFA is a powerful classification device, but it is not really a prediction device. Still, many problems (like the one Comitas and I studied) are essentially about understanding things so you can classify them correctly. Livingstone and Lunt (1993) surveyed 217 people in Oxford, England, and divided them into six types, based on whether or not people were in debt, whether or not people had savings, and people who were living exactly within their income (with neither savings nor debt). DFA, using a variety of variables (age, class, education, income, expenses, attitudes toward debt, etc.) correctly classified almost 95% of the cases into one of the six groups that Livingstone and Lunt had identified.
Page 1:
H. Russell Bernard FOURTH EDITION R
Page 5 and 6:
Research Methods in Anthropology Fo
Page 7 and 8:
Contents Preface vii 1. Anthropolog
Page 9 and 10:
Preface Since 1988, when I wrote th
Page 11 and 12:
Preface ix sampling: why we do it a
Page 13 and 14:
Preface xi 21, you will be able to
Page 15 and 16:
Preface xiii testimony. There is an
Page 17 and 18:
Preface xv begin writing the second
Page 19 and 20:
1 ◆ Anthropology and the Social S
Page 21 and 22:
Anthropology and the Social Science
Page 23 and 24:
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
The Foundations of Social Research
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
3 ◆ Preparing for Research Settin
Page 89 and 90:
Preparing for Research 71 research
Page 91 and 92:
Preparing for Research 73 morning u
Page 93 and 94:
Preparing for Research 75 the AAA b
Page 95 and 96:
Preparing for Research 77 showed wh
Page 97 and 98:
Preparing for Research 79 That will
Page 99 and 100:
Preparing for Research 81 mothers.
Page 101 and 102:
Preparing for Research 83 gathering
Page 103 and 104:
Preparing for Research 85 hypothesi
Page 105 and 106:
Preparing for Research 87 I mention
Page 107 and 108:
Preparing for Research 89 A Guide t
Page 109 and 110:
Preparing for Research 91 people re
Page 111 and 112:
Preparing for Research 93 Observed
Page 113 and 114:
Preparing for Research 95 dent. (Re
Page 115 and 116:
The Literature Search 97 too busy t
Page 117 and 118:
The Literature Search 99 year, who
Page 119 and 120:
The Literature Search 101 like demo
Page 121 and 122:
The Literature Search 103 reports e
Page 123 and 124:
The Literature Search 105 gists, in
Page 125 and 126:
The Literature Search 107 Women Sca
Page 127 and 128:
5 ◆ Research Design: Experiments
Page 129 and 130:
Research Design: Experiments and Ex
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Sampling 147 ried around here deliv
Page 167 and 168:
Sampling 149 the potential sampling
Page 169 and 170:
Sampling 151 they’re joined by al
Page 171 and 172:
Sampling 153 116. If the first rand
Page 173 and 174:
Sampling 155 off base in our thinki
Page 175 and 176:
Sampling 157 Cluster Sampling and C
Page 177 and 178:
Sampling 159 Probability Proportion
Page 179 and 180:
Sampling 161 you will properly surv
Page 181 and 182:
Sampling 163 the cluster, the large
Page 183 and 184:
Sampling 165 TABLE 6.2 Comparison o
Page 185 and 186:
Sampling 167 25 Number of Household
Page 187 and 188:
7 ◆ Sampling Theory Distributions
Page 189 and 190:
Sampling Theory 171 In normal distr
Page 191 and 192:
Sampling Theory 173 a lot of inform
Page 193 and 194:
Sampling Theory 175 TABLE 7.2 All S
Page 195 and 196:
Sampling Theory 177 12 10 Number of
Page 197 and 198:
Sampling Theory 179 Calculating Sam
Page 199 and 200:
Sampling Theory 181 Look up what’
Page 201 and 202:
Sampling Theory 183 and we solve fo
Page 203 and 204:
Sampling Theory 185 ables combine t
Page 205 and 206:
Nonprobability Sampling and Choosin
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
TABLE 8.4 Matches, Proportions of M
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Interviewing: Unstructured and Semi
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
10 ◆ Structured Interviewing I: Q
Page 271 and 272:
Structured Interviewing I: Question
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
Page 299 and 300:
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
Page 309 and 310:
Page 311 and 312:
Page 313 and 314:
Page 315 and 316:
Page 317 and 318:
11 ◆ Structured Interviewing II:
Page 319 and 320:
Structured Interviewing II: Cultura
Page 321 and 322:
Page 323 and 324:
Page 325 and 326:
Page 327 and 328:
Page 329 and 330:
Page 331 and 332:
Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
Page 337 and 338:
Scales and Scaling 319 10 times, or
Page 339 and 340:
Scales and Scaling 321 students’
Page 341 and 342:
Scales and Scaling 323 points. The
Page 343 and 344:
Scales and Scaling 325 TABLE 12.2a
Page 345 and 346:
Scales and Scaling 327 wealth in vi
Page 347 and 348:
Scales and Scaling 329 You may obse
Page 349 and 350:
Scales and Scaling 331 interitem co
Page 351 and 352:
Scales and Scaling 333 ality of a s
Page 353 and 354:
Scales and Scaling 335 TABLE 12.7 T
Page 355 and 356:
Scales and Scaling 337 Having a Col
Page 357 and 358:
Scales and Scaling 339 The Cantril
Page 359 and 360:
Scales and Scaling 341 and has been
Page 361 and 362:
Participant Observation 343 Romanci
Page 363 and 364:
Participant Observation 345 sion, s
Page 365 and 366:
Participant Observation 347 doses o
Page 367 and 368:
Participant Observation 349 great s
Page 369 and 370:
Participant Observation 351 less—
Page 371 and 372:
Participant Observation 353 oped by
Page 373 and 374:
Participant Observation 355 Graham
Page 375 and 376:
Participant Observation 357 ters fr
Page 377 and 378:
Participant Observation 359 washing
Page 379 and 380:
Participant Observation 361 that yo
Page 381 and 382:
Participant Observation 363 ‘‘c
Page 383 and 384:
Participant Observation 365 hall wh
Page 385 and 386:
Participant Observation 367 Maintai
Page 387 and 388:
Participant Observation 369 not to
Page 389 and 390:
Participant Observation 371 pletely
Page 391 and 392:
Participant Observation 373 changed
Page 393 and 394:
Participant Observation 375 Besides
Page 395 and 396:
Participant Observation 377 Thomas
Page 397 and 398:
Participant Observation 379 But not
Page 399 and 400:
Participant Observation 381 baby’
Page 401 and 402:
Participant Observation 383 into fo
Page 403 and 404:
Participant Observation 385 in Mace
Page 405 and 406:
14 ◆ Field Notes: How to Take The
Page 407 and 408:
Field Notes: How to Take Them, Code
Page 409 and 410:
Page 411 and 412:
Page 413 and 414:
Page 415 and 416:
Page 417 and 418:
Page 419 and 420:
Page 421 and 422:
Page 423 and 424:
Page 425 and 426:
Page 427 and 428:
Page 429 and 430:
Page 431 and 432:
15 ◆ Direct and Indirect Observat
Page 433 and 434:
Direct and Indirect Observation 415
Page 435 and 436:
Page 437 and 438:
Page 439 and 440:
Page 441 and 442:
Page 443 and 444:
Page 445 and 446:
Page 447 and 448:
Page 449 and 450:
Page 451 and 452:
Page 453 and 454:
Page 455 and 456:
Page 457 and 458:
Page 459 and 460:
Page 461 and 462:
Page 463 and 464:
Page 465 and 466:
Page 467 and 468:
Page 469 and 470:
16 ◆ Introduction to Qualitative
Page 471 and 472:
Introduction to Qualitative and Qua
Page 473 and 474:
Page 475 and 476:
Page 477 and 478:
Page 479 and 480:
START: SEARCH WHOLESALE MARKET FOR
Page 481 and 482:
17 ◆ Qualitative Data Analysis I:
Page 483 and 484:
Qualitative Data Analysis I: Text A
Page 485 and 486:
Page 487 and 488:
Page 489 and 490:
Page 491 and 492:
Page 493 and 494:
Page 495 and 496:
Page 497 and 498:
Page 499 and 500:
Page 501 and 502:
Page 503 and 504:
Page 505 and 506:
Page 507 and 508:
Page 509 and 510:
Page 511 and 512:
Page 513 and 514:
Page 515 and 516:
Page 517 and 518:
Page 519 and 520:
Page 521 and 522:
Page 523 and 524:
Page 525 and 526:
Page 527 and 528:
Page 529 and 530:
Page 531 and 532:
Page 533 and 534:
Page 535 and 536:
Page 537 and 538:
Page 539 and 540:
Page 541 and 542:
Qualitative Data Analysis II: Model
Page 543 and 544:
Page 545 and 546:
Page 547 and 548:
Page 549 and 550:
Page 551 and 552:
Page 553 and 554:
Page 555 and 556:
Page 557 and 558:
Page 559 and 560:
Page 561 and 562:
Page 563 and 564:
Page 565 and 566:
Page 567 and 568:
19 ◆ Univariate Analysis The next
Page 569 and 570:
Univariate Analysis 551 But if you
Page 571 and 572:
Univariate Analysis 553 TABLE 19.1
Page 573 and 574:
Univariate Analysis 555 Notice in t
Page 575 and 576:
Page 577 and 578:
Univariate Analysis 559 TABLE 19.3b
Page 579 and 580:
Univariate Analysis 561 possible an
Page 581 and 582:
Univariate Analysis 563 people hang
Page 583 and 584:
Page 585 and 586:
Page 587 and 588:
Page 589 and 590:
Page 591 and 592:
Univariate Analysis 573 Number of C
Page 593 and 594:
Univariate Analysis 575 some basic
Page 595 and 596:
Univariate Analysis 577 interquarti
Page 597 and 598:
Univariate Analysis 579 countries t
Page 599 and 600:
Univariate Analysis 581 Both groups
Page 601 and 602:
Page 603 and 604:
Univariate Analysis 585 would be no
Page 605 and 606:
Univariate Analysis 587 rejecting H
Page 607 and 608:
Univariate Analysis 589 lation, 68.
Page 609 and 610:
Univariate Analysis 591 of Shipibo
Page 611 and 612:
TABLE 19.13 Chi-Square for a Univar
Page 613 and 614:
Bivariate Analysis: Testing Relatio
Page 615 and 616:
Page 617 and 618:
Page 619 and 620:
Page 621 and 622:
Page 623 and 624:
Page 625 and 626:
Page 627 and 628:
Page 629 and 630:
Page 631 and 632:
Page 633 and 634:
Page 635 and 636:
Page 637 and 638:
Page 639 and 640:
Page 641 and 642:
Page 643 and 644:
Page 645 and 646:
Page 647 and 648:
Page 649 and 650:
Page 651 and 652:
Page 653 and 654:
Page 655 and 656:
Page 657 and 658:
Page 659 and 660: Bivariate Analysis: Testing Relatio
Page 663 and 664: TABLE 20.20 Correlation Matrix of A
Page 667 and 668: 21 ◆ Multivariate Analysis Most o
Page 669 and 670: Multivariate Analysis 651 environme
Page 671 and 672: Multivariate Analysis 653 TABLE 21.
Page 673 and 674: TABLE 21.11 Wealth by Education, Co
Page 675 and 676: Multivariate Analysis 657 it is hig
Page 677 and 678: Multivariate Analysis 659 ideas abo
Page 679 and 680: Multivariate Analysis 661 You can a
Page 681 and 682: Multivariate Analysis 663 which mea
Page 685 and 686: Multivariate Analysis 667 In fact,
Page 687 and 688: Multivariate Analysis 669 under plo
Page 689 and 690: Multivariate Analysis 671 fr .968 R
Page 691 and 692: Multivariate Analysis 673 earity pr
Page 693 and 694: Multivariate Analysis 675 BTU and O
Page 695 and 696: Multivariate Analysis 677 Factor An
Page 697 and 698: Multivariate Analysis 679 columns h
Page 699 and 700: Multivariate Analysis 681 4. Across
Page 701 and 702: Multivariate Analysis 683 instead o
Page 705 and 706: Multivariate Analysis 687 1.71 1.32
Page 707 and 708: Multivariate Analysis 689 ‘‘chi
Page 709: Multivariate Analysis 691 6, 1, 4.
Page 713: Multivariate Analysis 695 just beca
Page 716 and 717: 698 Appendix A 32179 00597 87379 25
Page 718 and 719: APPENDIX B Table of Areas under a N
Page 720 and 721: 702 Appendix B (A) (B) (C) (A) (B)
Page 722 and 723: APPENDIX D Chi-Square Distribution
Page 724 and 725: APPENDIX E F Table for the .05 Leve
Page 726 and 727: 708 Appendix E F Table for the .01
Page 728 and 729: APPENDIX F Resources for Fieldworke
Page 730 and 731: 712 References obesity in Saudi Ara
Page 732 and 733: 714 References Beautrais, A. L., P.
Page 734 and 735: 716 References the self-assessment
Page 736 and 737: 718 References Bradburn, N. M. 1983
Page 738 and 739: 720 References ments by considering
Page 740 and 741: 722 References ing in reflected glo
Page 742 and 743: 724 References village. In Self, se
Page 744 and 745: 726 References Duncan, O. D. 1966.
Page 746 and 747: 728 References achieve high respons
Page 748 and 749: 730 References Gatz, M., and M. Hur
Page 750 and 751: 732 References C2KBR/01-1. Washingt
Page 752 and 753: 734 References study of relationshi
Page 754 and 755: 736 References Hornik, J., and S. E
Page 756 and 757: 738 References esses in survey rese
Page 758 and 759: 740 References Kessler, R. C., and
Page 760 and 761:
742 References Laban Moogi Gwako, E
Page 762 and 763:
744 References Lewis, R. B. 2004. N
Page 764 and 765:
746 References McCall, G. 1978. Obs
Page 766 and 767:
748 References Morgan, D. L. 1997.
Page 768 and 769:
750 References Oakhill, J., and A.
Page 770 and 771:
752 References Piliavin, I. M., J.
Page 772 and 773:
754 References nicity-of-interviewe
Page 774 and 775:
756 References Rotton, J., and M. S
Page 776 and 777:
758 References Schwarts, N. A. 2004
Page 778 and 779:
760 References Smith, L. D. 1986. B
Page 780 and 781:
762 References Stricker, L. J. 1988
Page 782 and 783:
764 References pharmacists in HIV/S
Page 784 and 785:
766 References Webb, E. J., D. T. C
Page 786 and 787:
768 References Williams, T. 1996. E
Page 789 and 790:
Subject Index Numbers in italics re
Page 791 and 792:
Subject Index 773 Campos, Alberto,
Page 793 and 794:
Subject Index 775 data analysis, 45
Page 795 and 796:
Subject Index 777 external states,
Page 797 and 798:
Subject Index 779 individual attrib
Page 799 and 800:
Subject Index 781 median, 562, 563-
Page 801 and 802:
Subject Index 783 parsimony, princi
Page 803 and 804:
Subject Index 785 random digit dial
Page 805 and 806:
Subject Index 787 simple scales, 31
Page 807 and 808:
Subject Index 789 T-scores, 591 t-t
Page 809 and 810:
Author Index Numbers in italics ref
Page 811 and 812:
Author Index 793 Choi, N., 33 Choms
Page 813 and 814:
Author Index 795 Gregson, S., 93 Gr
Page 815 and 816:
Author Index 797 Leap, W., 376 LeCo
Page 817 and 818:
Author Index 799 Rashid, R. G., 121
Page 819:
Author Index 801 Vadez, V., 55, 93
show all

Russel-Research-Method-in-Anthropology

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?