Sorted By Test Name - Mayo Medical Laboratories

MNU
8080
MNB
89120
2 0.70-3.49 Positive
3 3.50-17.4 Positive
4 17.5-49.9 Strongly positive
5 50.0-99.9 Strongly positive
6 > or =100 Strongly positive Reference values
apply to all ages.
Clinical References: Homburger HA: Allergic diseases. In Clinical Diagnosis and Management by
Laboratory Methods. 21st edition. Edited by RA McPherson, MR Pincus. New York, WB Saunders
Company, 2007, Chapter 53, Part VI, pp 961-971
Manganese, 24 Hour, Urine
Clinical Information: Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element with many industrial uses.
Manganese is the 12th most abundant element in the earth's crust and is used predominantly in the
production of steel. These industrial processes cause elevated environmental exposures to airborne
manganese dust and fumes, which in turn have lead to well-documented cases of neurotoxicity among
exposed workers. Mining and iron and steel production have been implicated as sources of exposure.
Inhalation is the primary source of entry for manganese toxicity. Signs of toxicity may appear quickly or
not at all; neurological symptoms are rarely reversible. Manganese toxicity is generally recognized to
progress through 3 stages. Levy describes these stages. "The first stage is a prodrome of malaise,
somnolence, apathy, emotional lability, sexual dysfunction, weakness, lethargy, anorexia, and headaches.
If there is continued exposure, progression to a second stage may occur, with psychological disturbances,
including impaired memory and judgment, anxiety, and sometimes psychotic manifestations such as
hallucinations. The third stage consists of progressive bradykinesia, dysarthrian axial and extremity
dystonia, paresis, gait disturbances, cogwheel rigidity, intention tremor, impaired coordination, and a
mask-like face. Many of those affected may be permanently and completely disabled."(1) Few cases of
manganese deficiency or toxicity due to ingestion have been documented. Only 1% to 3% manganese is
absorbed via ingestion, while most of the remaining manganese is excreted in the feces. As listed in the
United States National Agriculture Library, manganese adequate intake is 1.6 mg/day to 2.3 mg/day for
adults. This level of intake is easily achieved, without supplementation, by a diverse diet including fruits
and vegetables, which have higher amounts of manganese than other food types. Patients on a long-term
parenteral nutrition should receive manganese supplementation and should be monitored to ensure that
circulatory levels of manganese are appropriate.
Useful For: Monitoring manganese exposure Nutritional monitoring Clinical trials
Interpretation: Manganese in urine represents the excretion of excess manganese from the body.
Elevated levels may indicate occupational exposure or excessive nutritional intake. Specimens from
normal individuals have very low levels of manganese.
Reference Values:
0-15 years: not established
> or =16 years: 0.1-1.2 mcg/specimen
Clinical References: 1. Levy BS, Nassetta WJ: Neurologic effects of manganese in humans: A
review. Int J Occup Environ Health Apr/Jun 2003;9(2):153-163 2. Paschal DC, Ting BG, Morrow JC, et.
at. Trace metals in urine of United States residents: Reference range concentrations. Environmental
Research 1998;7:53-59
Manganese, Blood
Clinical Information: Manganese is a trace element that is an essential cofactor for several enzymes,
including one form of superoxide dismutase and the gluconeogenic enzymes pyruvate carboxylase and
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