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TOI' 8Ee~E"fffeeMIN'fffX1 4. (c) (8//8I) In considering the NSA reporting series, two questions need to be answered: Exactly what was reported in terms of indicators, especially those related to the Tet Offensive; and did the reporting have an impact on the posture and planning both in Saigon and in Washington In other words, did the NSA reporting actually "predict" Tet as claimed, and did the reporting influence MACV preparations for it (8//8f) As we have seen earlier, throughout January (and even before), SIGIl\
"FOP SEORE"Fr\'OOMIN1=,',9E4 (TS//SI) There were six major characteristics or indicators unique to the 1968 Tet offensive for which SIGINT could, and did, provide some amount of information. In order of importance, from least to most characteristic, they were • the widespread distribution of newer, more powerful weaponry to Viet Cong and NVA units, to include, among others the AK-47 automatic rifle (the Chinese version of the Soviet-made Kalishnakov automatic rifle) and RPG-7 rocket launcher • special command prescriptions to subordinates which were meant to reinforce security practices and instill confidence in the outcome of the offensive (propaganda) • the delineation of specific roles for special Viet Cong units as the first echelon or primary strike units with regular units of the PAVN and Viet Cong Main Force units as second echelon or reinforcements • South Vietnamese cities and population centers as the main targets of the attacks • attacks in all but six provinces of South Vietnam • and, last, and perhaps the most critical element - the one which could be defined as the single indicator which connected all the preparations and plans - the existence of the so-called "N-Day" or the Vietnamese version of "D-Day" ("N" or ngay, the Vietnamese word for day; so "N-Day" literally means "D-Day.") (TEll/ElO The first two indicators, the improved weaponry and the command directives for increased security and propaganda efforts, probably would not stand by themselves. They would have to be combined with the other four to act as a distinct warning for a general offensive. The other four were unique enough that any single one, especially the "N-Day" indicator, could have connected all the other indicators thereby alerting SIGINT and intelligence analysts to the special nature of Tel. The "N-Day" indicator, by itself, might have been enough; what could not be a better indicator than the specific date (and time) of the Tet attack However, as we shall see, what should have been a clear set of indicators of an attack were, in reality, not so convincing. (TEll/ElO The reports that NSA issued between January 25 and the beginning of Tet, have virtually nothing to say about the appearance of new weaponry, nor their wide distribution. In the special series that began on 25 January, there are some scattered references to weapons. In Follow-up 1, there is mention of an unidentified element with three recoilless rifles and sixty rounds of ammunition. In another part of the same report, a second unit is cautioned not to use B-40 rockets (known as RPG-2) against vehicles.V" In Follow-up 3, there is a reference to a unit of the PAVN 1st Division having difficulty moving its cumbersome artillery into position 129 during 26 January. (TEll/ElI) In fact, we have to look outside the series to find anything approaching a weapons inventory. In the Southeast Asia SIGINT Summary for 19 January, there is an inventory of weapons shipments by the PAVN Rear Services organization to seven locations, all located in the DMZ or I Corps areas. Although there are listings of sizable shipments of almost 400 AK-47 automatic rifles, there is also a mix of other small arms, including bolt action carbines, and 60-millimeter mortars. Furthermore, from the listing it is not clear if the weapons were intended for distribution to troops or were to remain in storage. 13 0 Obviously, the pre-Tet SIGINT reporting offered little in the way of indications of new and widespread weaponry among the communist forces. (TEll/Ell) The next indicator, what can be labeled as command prescriptions concerning security of attack preparations and indoctrination Tefl SEeRETNeeMINT7fXl Page 329
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