Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences by Frederick J. Gravetter, Larry B. Wallnau ISBN 10: 1305504917 ISBN 13: 9781305504912

32 CHAPTER 1 | Introduction to Statistics
who had experienced Tai Chi had less arthritis pain that
those who had not participated in the course.
a. Identify the independent variable for this study.
b. What scale of measurement is used for the independent
variable?
c. Identify the dependent variable for this study.
d. What scale of measurement is used for the
dependent variable?
13. A tax form asks people to identify their annual
income, number of dependents, and social security
number. For each of these three variables, identify
the scale of measurement that probably is used and
identify whether the variable is continuous or discrete.
14. Four scales of measurement were introduced in this
chapter: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.
a. What additional information is obtained from
measurements on an ordinal scale compared to
measurements on a nominal scale?
b. What additional information is obtained from
measurements on an interval scale compared to
measurements on an ordinal scale?
c. What additional information is obtained from measurements
on a ratio scale compared to measurements
on an interval scale?
15. Knight and Haslam (2010) found that office workers who
had some input into the design of their office space were
more productive and had higher well-being compared
to workers for whom the office design was completely
controlled by an office manager. For this study, identify
the independent variable and the dependent variable.
16. Explain why honesty is a hypothetical construct instead
of a concrete variable. Describe how shyness might be
measured and defined using an operational definition.
17. Ford and Torok (2008) found that motivational signs
were effective in increasing physical activity on a college
campus. Signs such as “Step up to a healthier lifestyle”
and “An average person burns 10 calories a minute walking
up the stairs” were posted by the elevators and stairs
in a college building. Students and faculty increased their
use of the stairs during times that the signs were posted
compared to times when there were no signs.
a. Identify the independent and dependent variables
for this study.
b. What scale of measurement is used for the independent
variable?
18. For the following scores, find the value of each
expression:
X
a. ΣX
b. ΣX 2
3
c. ΣX + 1
5
d. Σ(X + 1)
0
2
19. For the following set of scores, find the value of each
expression:
a. ΣX 2 X
b. (ΣX ) 2
c. Σ(X – 1)
d. Σ(X – 1) 2
20. For the following set of scores, find the value of each
expression:
a. ΣX
X
b. ΣX 2
c. Σ(X + 3).
6
3
2
5
1
3
–2
0
21. Two scores, X and Y, are recorded for each of n = 4
subjects. For these scores, find the value of each
expression.
a. ΣX Subject X Y
b. ΣY
c. ΣXY
–3
–1
A 3 4
B 0 7
C –1 5
D 2 2
22. Use summation notation to express each of the following
calculations:
a. Add the scores and then add then square the sum.
b. Square each score and then add the squared values.
c. Subtract 2 points from each score and then add the
resulting values.
d. Subtract 1 point from each score and square the
resulting values. Then add the squared values.
23. For the following set of scores, find the value of each
expression:
a. ΣX 2
b. (ΣX) 2
c. Σ(X – 3)
d. Σ(X – 3) 2
X
1
6
2
3