Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences by Frederick J. Gravetter, Larry B. Wallnau ISBN 10: 1305504917 ISBN 13: 9781305504912

APPENDIX A | Basic Mathematics Review 629
To calculate the value of the expression, you work through the sequence of operations
in the proper order:
6 3 (3 1 8) 2 2 50 5 6 3 (11) 2 2 50
5 6 3 (121) 2 50
5 726 2 50
5 676
As a final note, you should realize that the operation of squaring (or raising to any
exponent) applies only to the value that immediately precedes the exponent. For example,
2 3 3 2 5 2 3 9 5 18 (Only the 3 is squared.)
If the instructions require multiplying values and then squaring the product, you must
use parentheses to give the multiplication priority over squaring. For example, to multiply
2 times 3 and then square the product, you would write
(2 3 3) 2 5 (6) 2 5 36
LEARNING CHECK
1. Evaluate each of the following expressions:
a. 4 3 8/2 2
b. 4 3 (8/2) 2
c. 100 2 3 3 12/(6 2 4) 2
d. (4 1 6) 3 (3 2 1) 2
e. (8 2 2)/(9 2 8) 2
f. 6 1 (4 2 1) 2 2 3 3 4 2
g. 4 3 (8 2 3) 1 8 2 3
ANSWERS
1. a. 8, b. 64, c. 91, d. 40, e. 6, f. 233, g. 25
A.2 Proportions: Fractions, Decimals, and Percentages
A proportion is a part of a whole and can be expressed as a fraction, a decimal, or a
percentage. For example, in a class of 40 students, only 3 failed the final exam.
The proportion of the class that failed can be expressed as a fraction
or as a decimal value
fraction 5 3 40
or as a percentage
decimal 5 0.075
percentage 5 7.5%