Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences by Frederick J. Gravetter, Larry B. Wallnau ISBN 10: 1305504917 ISBN 13: 9781305504912

SUBJECT INDEX 727
F-ratios
analysis of regression, 541–543
ANOVA, 373–374, 382
distribution of, 383–385
error variance, 418–419
multiple regression, 549
repeated-measures ANOVA, 416–417,
425–426
two-factor ANOVA, 458, 463–464
Factorial design, 449. See also Two-factor
ANOVA
Factors, 367
50th percentile, 81
Fixed-time condition, 469–470
Flynn effect, 266
Fractions, 630–632
Frequency distribution graphs, 42–49
bar graph, 44–45
histograms, 42–44
means, 119–120
polygons, 44
shape of, 48
skewed distribution, 48
standard deviation, 119–120
Frequency distribution tables, 35–37
grouped, 38–40, 60–61
mean, computing, 74–75, 95
SPSS, 59
Frequency distributions, 33–66
defined, 35
elements of, 35
graphs, 42–49
grouped tables, 38–40, 60–61
interpolation, 51–55
and probability, 164
real limits, 41
shape of, 48
SPSS, 59
stem and leaf display, 56–57
tables, 35–37, 38–40
Friedman test, 428, 689, 697–699
null hypothesis for, 698
statistics organizer, 713
Gambler’s fallacy, 244
Goodness of fit test, 561–573. See also
Chi-square test statistic
assumptions and restrictions, 586–587
and binomial test, 612–614
critical region for, 570
data for, 564–565
degrees of freedom, 567–569
example of test, 570–572
expected frequencies, 565–566, 571,
586–587
nonparametric tests, 561–562
null hypothesis for, 563–564
parametric tests, 561–562
single-sample t test, 572–573
SPSS, 593
statistical organizer, 706
Graphs
of frequency distributions, 42–49
guildelines for, 91
means and medians in, 90–91, 92–93
misuse of, 47
two-factor ANOVA, 455
Grouped frequency distribution tables,
38–40, 60–61
histograms of, 43
H 0
(null hypothesis), 228
H 1
(alternative hypothesis), 228
Habituation technique, 623
Hartley’s F-max test, 314–315, 472, 652
Histograms, 42–44, 90
SPSS, 59
Homogeneity of variance, 313–314, 315
Hypothesis testing, 217, 223–266
alpha level, 229–230, 238–239, 259
analogy for, 233
ANOVA, 385–388
assumptions for, 243–244
Cohen’s d, 251–254
confidence intervals and, 320
critical region, 230–231
data collection and computation, 231–232
decision criteria, 229–231
and decision making, 232–233
defined, 225
described, 224
directional, 245–249, 312–313,
345–346
and effect size, 250–254, 257
factors that influence, 242–243
four steps of, 228–233, 240, 261–262
independent-measures t test, 310–316
independent observations, 243, 244
In the Literature, 241–242
logic of, 225–235
multiple hypothesis, 369–370
normal sampling distribution, 244
number of scores in sample, 243
one- and two-tailed tests, compared,
248–249
one-tailed test, 245–249
with Pearson correlation, 506–509
power of, 254–259
random sampling, 243
repeated-measures ANOVA,
420–429
repeated-measures t test, 343–346, 350
sample in research study, 226–227
sample size and, 257–259
significance of, 241–242
standard error assumption, 243–244, 268
t statistic, 274–279, 293–294
two-factor ANOVA, 458
two-tailed test, 245, 248–249
type I errors, 236–237
type II errors, 237–238
unknown population, 226, 275–276
variability of scores, 242–243
and the z-score statistic, 233–235, 269
Hypothetical constructs, 18
In the Literature
ANOVA, 389
binomial test, 611
central tendency, 89
chi-square statistic, 572
correlation, 509
hypothesis testing, 241–242
independent-measures t test, 320–321
repeated-measures ANOVA, 427–428
repeated-measures t test, 349
standard deviation, 121
standard error, 213–214
t test, 287
two-factor ANOVA, 465
Independence test using Chi-square statistic,
573–582, 595–597. See also
Chi-square test statistic
assumptions and restrictions, 586–587
degrees of freedom, 578–579
example of test, 579–581
expected frequencies, 576–578, 586–587
null hypothesis, 575–576
observed frequencies, 576–578
Pearson correlation (r), 588
SPSS, 593–594
Independent-measures ANOVA. See Analysis
of variance (ANOVA);
Two-factor ANOVA
Independent-measures research design, 301,
316–317, 329
Independent-measures t statistic, 303
Independent-measures t test, 299–334,
327–328
assumptions for, 313–314
and the Chi-square test statistic, 588–589
confidence interval, 319–321
degrees of freedom, 306, 308–309, 315
directional hypothesis testing, 312–313
effect size, 316–322, 329
estimated standard error, 304–305,
308, 315
formulas for, 303–304, 308–309, 315
Hartley’s F-max test, 314–315
hypotheses for, 303
hypothesis test, 310–316
In the Literature, 320–321
and null hypothesis, 302–309
one-tailed test, 312–313
pooled variance, 306–307, 315
repeated-measures design, contrasted,
337, 352–355
sample size, role of, 322–324
sample variance, 322–324
single-sample t statistic, compared, 309
SPSS, 326–327
variability of difference scores, 305–306
Independent observations, 243, 244