Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences by Frederick J. Gravetter, Larry B. Wallnau ISBN 10: 1305504917 ISBN 13: 9781305504912

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714 Statistics Organizer: Finding the Right Statistics for Your Data■ Scores from a Nominal ScaleDescriptive Statistics As with ordinal data, data from nominal scales are usuallydescribed by the distribution of individuals across categories. For example, the scores inone group may be clustered in one category or set of categories and the scores in anothergroup are clustered in different categories.Inferential Statistics With a relatively small number of nominal categories, the datacan be displayed as a frequency distribution matrix with the groups defining the rows andthe nominal categories defining the columns. The number in each cell is the frequency, ornumber of individuals in the group identified by the cell’s row, with scores correspondingto the cell’s column. For example, the data in Table 3(c) show success or failure ona task for participants who are working alone or working in a group. These data could beregrouped as follows:Work aloneWork in a groupSuccessFailureA chi-square test for independence (Chapter 17) can be used to evaluate differencesbetween groups. A significant result indicates that the two sample distributions would bevery unlikely (p < α) to occur if the two population distributions have the same proportions(same shape).■ Two-Factor Designs with Scores from Interval or Ratio ScalesResearch designs with two independent (or quasi-independent) variables are known astwo-factor designs. These designs can be presented as a matrix with the levels of one factordefining the rows and the levels of the second factor defining the columns. A third variable(the dependent variable) is measured to obtain a group of scores in each cell of the matrix(see Example 14.2 on page 461).Descriptive Statistics When the scores in each group are numerical values, the standardprocedure is to compute the mean (Chapter 3) and the standard deviation (Chapter 4)as descriptive statistics to summarize and describe each group.Inferential Statistics A two-factor ANOVA is used to evaluate the significance of themean differences between cells. The ANOVA separates the mean differences into threecategories and conducts three separate hypothesis tests.1. The main effect for factor A evaluates the overall mean differences for the firstfactor; that is, the mean differences between rows in the data matrix.2. The main effect for factor B evaluates the overall mean differences for the secondfactor; that is, the mean differences between columns in the data matrix.3. The interaction between factors evaluates the mean differences between cells thatare not accounted for by the main effects.For each test, a significant result indicates that the sample mean differences in the dataare very unlikely (p < α) to occur if there are not corresponding mean differences in thepopulation. For each of the three tests, effect size is measured by computing the percentageof variance accounted for, η 2 .Figure 3 summarizes the statistical procedures used for data in category 3.
Section III: Statistical Procedures for Data Consisting of Two (or More) Groups 715IndependentmeasuresDESCRIPTIVE STATISTICSMeans (Chapter 3) andStandard deviations(Chapter 4)INFERENTIAL STATISTICSIndependent-measures t test(Chapter 10) evaluates themean differenceTwo groupsData from intervalor ratio scales(numerical scores)RepeatedmeasuresMeans (Chapter 3) andStandard deviations(Chapter 4)Repeated-measures t test(Chapter 11) evaluates themean differenceTwo or moregroupsIndependentmeasuresRepeatedmeasuresMeans (Chapter 3) andStandard deviations(Chapter 4)Means (Chapter 3) andStandard deviations(Chapter 4)independent-measures ANOVA(Chapter 12) evaluates themean differencesRepeated-measures ANOVA(Chapter 13) evaluates themean differencesTwo groupsIndependentmeasuresMedian(Chapter 3)Mann-Whitney U test(Appendix E) evaluatesthe group differenceOrdinal data(Rank or orderedcategories)RepeatedmeasuresMedian(Chapter 3)Wilcoxon signed ranks test(Appendix E) evaluatesthe group differenceMore thantwo groupsIndependentmeasuresRepeatedmeasuresMedian(Chapter 3)Median(Chapter 3)Kruskal-Wallis test(Appendix E) evaluatesthe group differencesFriedman test (Appendix E)evaluates the groupdifferencesOrdinal or nominaldata with fewcategoriesTwo or moregroupsIndependentmeasuresProportionin each categoryChi-square test forindependence (Chapter 17)evaluates the groupdifferencesFIGURE 3Statistics for Category 3 data. Two or more groups of scores, which are all measurements of the same variable.The goal is to describe and evaluate the differences between groups of scores.
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EDITION10Statistics for theBehavior
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Statistics for the Behavioral Scien
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CONTENTSCHAPTER 1 Introduction to S
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CONTENTSvii5.4 Using z-Scores to St
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CONTENTSixCHAPTER 10 The t Test for
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CONTENTSxiCHAPTER 15 Correlation 48
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PREFACEMany students in the behavio
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PREFACExv3. The former Chapter 19,
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PREFACExviiTo the StudentA primary
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ABOUT THE AUTHORSFREDERICK J GRAVET
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PREVIEWBefore we begin our discussi
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4 CHAPTER 1 | Introduction to Stati
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10 CHAPTER 1 | Introduction to Stat
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PREVIEWThere is some evidence that
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36 CHAPTER 2 | Frequency Distributi
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Central TendencyCHAPTER3Tools You W
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SECTION 3.1 | Overview 69DEFINITION
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SECTION 3.2 | The Mean 71research r
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SECTION 3.2 | The Mean 73the distri
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SECTION 3.2 | The Mean 75TABLE 3.1S
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SECTION 3.2 | The Mean 77Table 3.2
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SECTION 3.3 | The Median 793.3 The
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SECTION 3.3 | The Median 81To find
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SECTION 3.4 | The Mode 832. What is
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SECTION 3.4 | The Mode 85FIGURE 3.7
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SECTION 3.5 | Selecting a Measure o
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SECTION 3.6 | Central Tendency and
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FOCUS ON PROBLEM SOLVING 95of centr
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PROBLEMS 976. A population of N = 1
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VariabilityCHAPTER4Tools You Will N
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SECTION 4.1 | Introduction to Varia
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SECTION 4.2 | Defining Standard Dev
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SECTION 4.3 | Measuring Variance an
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SECTION 4.4 | Measuring Standard De
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SECTION 4.5 | Sample Variance as an
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SECTION 4.6 | More about Variance a
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SUMMARY 1252. A population has a me
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FOCUS ON PROBLEM SOLVING 127VAR0000
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PROBLEMS 1299. For the following se
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z-Scores: Location of Scoresand Sta
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SECTION 5.1 | Introduction to z-Sco
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SECTION 5.2 | z-Scores and Location
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SECTION 5.2 | z-Scores and Location
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SECTION 5.3 | Other Relationships B
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SECTION 5.4 | Using z-Scores to Sta
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SECTION 5.4 | Using z-Scores to Sta
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SECTION 5.5 | Other Standardized Di
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SECTION 5.5 | Other Standardized Di
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SECTION 5.6 | Computing z-Scores fo
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SECTION 5.7 | Looking Ahead to Infe
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SUMMARY 153LEARNING CHECK1. In N =
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DEMONSTRATION 5.2 155sure that your
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PROBLEMS 15716. A distribution of e
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PREVIEWHow likely is it that you wi
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162 CHAPTER 6 | Probabilitythe prob
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164 CHAPTER 6 | Probability(Note: W
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166 CHAPTER 6 | ProbabilityFIGURE 6
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168 CHAPTER 6 | Probability■ The
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170 CHAPTER 6 | ProbabilityFinding
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172 CHAPTER 6 | Probabilityand exac
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174 CHAPTER 6 | ProbabilityFinally,
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176 CHAPTER 6 | ProbabilityXz-score
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178 CHAPTER 6 | ProbabilityBOX 6.1
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180 CHAPTER 6 | ProbabilityEXAMPLE
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182 CHAPTER 6 | ProbabilityFIGURE 6
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184 CHAPTER 6 | Probability6.5 Look
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186 CHAPTER 6 | Probability2. For a
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188 CHAPTER 6 | ProbabilityDEMONSTR
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190 CHAPTER 6 | Probability6. Draw
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Probability and Samples: TheDistrib
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SECTION 7.1 | Samples, Populations,
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SECTION 7.1 | Samples, Populations,
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SECTION 7.2 | The Distribution of S
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SECTION 7.3 | Probability and the D
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SECTION 7.3 | Probability and the D
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SECTION 7.4 | More about Standard E
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SECTION 7.4 | More about Standard E
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FOCUS ON PROBLEM SOLVING 219SUMMARY
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PROBLEMS 221STEP 2Compute the z-sco
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Introduction toHypothesis TestingCH
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SECTION 8.1 | The Logic of Hypothes
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SECTION 8.2 | Uncertainty and Error
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SECTION 8.2 | Uncertainty and Error
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SECTION 8.3 | More about Hypothesis
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SECTION 8.3 | More about Hypothesis
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SECTION 8.4 | Directional (One-Tail
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SECTION 8.5 | Concerns about Hypoth
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SECTION 8.5 | Concerns about Hypoth
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SECTION 8.6 | Statistical Power 255
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FOCUS ON PROBLEM SOLVING 2618. The
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PROBLEMS 263In this distribution, o
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PROBLEMS 26513. A random sample is
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Introduction to the t StatisticCHAP
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SECTION 9.1 | The t Statistic: An A
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SECTION 9.2 | Hypothesis Tests with
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SECTION 9.2 | Hypothesis Tests with
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SECTION 9.3 | Measuring Effect Size
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SECTION 9.4 | Directional Hypothese
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SUMMARY 2913. A researcher rejects
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DEMONSTRATION 9.1 293One-Sample Sta
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PROBLEMS 295PROBLEMS1. Under what c
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PROBLEMS 297b. Construct the 90% co
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The t Test for TwoIndependent Sampl
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SECTION 10.1 | Introduction to the
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SECTION 10.2 | The Null Hypothesis
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SECTION 10.3 | Hypothesis Tests wit
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SECTION 10.4 | Effect Size and Conf
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SECTION 10.5 | The Role of Sample V
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KEY TERMS 325SUMMARY1. The independ
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FOCUS ON PROBLEM SOLVING 327Group S
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PROBLEMS 329The t Statistic Finally
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PROBLEMS 331c. Write a sentence dem
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PROBLEMS 33319. If other factors ar
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PREVIEWIt’s the night before an e
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338 CHAPTER 11 | The t Test for Two
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PREVIEWYour job interview is tomorr
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368 CHAPTER 12 | Introduction to An
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Repeated-MeasuresAnalysis of Varian
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SECTION 13.1 | Overview of the Repe
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SECTION 13.2 | Hypothesis Testing a
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SECTION 13.3 | More about the Repea
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SPSS ® 4375. When the obtained F-r
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DEMONSTRATION 13.1 439you must also
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PROBLEMS 441PROBLEMS1. How does the
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PROBLEMS 44313. The following summa
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PROBLEMS 44523. The following data
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Two-FactorAnalysis of Variance(Inde
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SECTION 14.1 | An Overview of the T
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SECTION 14.2 | An Example of the Tw
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SECTION 14.3 | More about the Two-F
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SUMMARY 473SUMMARY1. A research stu
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FOCUS ON PROBLEM SOLVING 475Descrip
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DEMONSTRATION 14.1 477STEP 2STAGE 1
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PROBLEMS 479PROBLEMS1. Define each
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PROBLEMS 48115. Research results in
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PROBLEMS 483EasyFactorA TaskDifficu
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PREVIEWA recent report describing t
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488 CHAPTER 15 | CorrelationDEFINIT
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490 CHAPTER 15 | CorrelationDEFINIT
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492 CHAPTER 15 | CorrelationSubstit
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494 CHAPTER 15 | Correlationeither
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496 CHAPTER 15 | Correlationreliabl
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498 CHAPTER 15 | Correlation60Numbe
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500 CHAPTER 15 | CorrelationOne of
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502 CHAPTER 15 | CorrelationBOX 15.
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504 CHAPTER 15 | Correlation171615Z
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506 CHAPTER 15 | Correlation3. What
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508 CHAPTER 15 | Correlationon the
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510 CHAPTER 15 | CorrelationLEARNIN
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512 CHAPTER 15 | CorrelationScoresR
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514 CHAPTER 15 | CorrelationThe pro
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516 CHAPTER 15 | Correlationthat a
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518 CHAPTER 15 | Correlationmeasure
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520 CHAPTER 15 | CorrelationSUMMARY
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522 CHAPTER 15 | CorrelationTo comp
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524 CHAPTER 15 | CorrelationSTEP 2C
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526 CHAPTER 15 | Correlation14. Ide
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Introduction to RegressionCHAPTER16
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SECTION 16.1 | Introduction to Line
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SECTION 16.2 | The Standard Error o
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SECTION 16.3 | Introduction to Mult
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KEY TERMS 553a predicted portion an
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DEMONSTRATION 16.1 555DEMONSTRATION
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PROBLEMS 557Alzheimer’s disease.
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The Chi-Square Statistic:Tests for
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SECTION 17.1 | Introduction to Chi-
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SECTION 17.2 | An Example of the Ch
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SECTION 17.3 | The Chi-Square Test
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SECTION 17.4 | Effect Size and Assu
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SECTION 17.4 | Effect Size and Assu
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SECTION 17.5 | Special Applications
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SECTION 17.5 | Special Applications
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SUMMARY 591With df = 2 and α = .05
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SPSS ® SPSS ® 593General instruct
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DEMONSTRATION 17.1 595FOCUS ON PROB
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PROBLEMS 597Finally, we can add the
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PROBLEMS 599response, a sample of 1
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PROBLEMS 601a researcher obtains a
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PREVIEWIn 1960, Gibson and Walk des
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606 CHAPTER 18 | The Binomial Testp
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608 CHAPTER 18 | The Binomial Test2
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610 CHAPTER 18 | The Binomial Test
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612 CHAPTER 18 | The Binomial Test
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614 CHAPTER 18 | The Binomial TestT
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616 CHAPTER 18 | The Binomial Testt
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618 CHAPTER 18 | The Binomial TestB
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Basic Mathematics ReviewAPPENDIXAPR
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APPENDIX A | Basic Mathematics Revi
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648 APPENDIX B | Statistical Tables
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Page 724 and 725: 702 Statistics Organizer: Finding t
Page 739 and 740: ReferencesAckerman, R. (2011). Meta
Page 741 and 742: REFERENCES 719Alzheimer’s disease
Page 743: REFERENCES 721of aging and estrogen
Page 746 and 747: 724 NAME INDEXKaell, A., 622Kahn, K
Page 748 and 749: 726 SUBJECT INDEXConfidence interva
Page 750 and 751: 728 SUBJECT INDEXIndependent random
Page 752 and 753: 730 SUBJECT INDEXResearch studies,
Page 754: 732 SUBJECT INDEXTwo-factor ANOVA (
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Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences by Frederick J. Gravetter, Larry B. Wallnau ISBN 10: 1305504917 ISBN 13: 9781305504912

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