ancient cities

Further Readings
del Cerro Santamaría, G. 2007. Bilbao: Basque Pathways
to Globalization. London: Elsevier.
Gotham, K. F. 2000. “Growth Machine Up-links: Urban
Renewal and the Rise and Fall of a Pro-growth
Coalition in a U.S. City.” Critical Sociology
26(3):268–300.
Hiller, H. H. 2000. “Mega-events, Urban Boosterism,
and Growth Strategies: An Analysis of the Objectives
and Legitimations of the Cape Town 2004 Olympic
Bid.” International Journal of Urban and Regional
Research 24(2):449–58.
Jonas, A. E. G. and D. Wilson. 1999. The Urban Growth
Machine: Critical Perspectives, Two Decades Later.
Albany: State University of New York Press.
Light, I. 2002. “Immigrant Place Entrepreneurs in Los
Angeles, 1970–99.” International Journal of Urban
and Regional Research 26(2):215–28.
Logan J. R. and H. Molotch. 1987. Urban Fortunes: The
Political Economy of Place. Berkeley: University of
California Press.
Logan, J. R., Rachel Bridges Whaley, and Kyle Crowder.
1997. “The Character and Consequences of Growth
Regimes: An Assessment of Twenty Years of
Research.” Urban Affairs Review 32:603–30.
Manella, G. 2007. Nuovi scenari urbani: La sociologia
del territorio negli USA oggi (New Urban Sceneries:
The Sociology of the Territory in the USA Today).
Rome: Franco Angeli.
Molotch, Harvey. 1976. “The City as a Growth
Machine: Toward a Political Economy of Place.”
American Journal of Sociology 82:309–18.
While, A., Andrew E. G. Jonas, and David Gibbs. 2004.
“The Environment and the Entrepreneurial City:
Searching for the Urban ‘Sustainability Fix’ in
Manchester and Leeds.” International Journal of
Urban and Regional Research 28(3):549–69.
Wood, A. 2004. “Domesticating Urban Theory? U.S.
Concepts, British Cities, and the Limits of Cross-national
Applications.” Urban Studies 41(11):2103–18.
Gr o w t H ma n a G e m e n t
Beginning in the 1960s in the United States, dissatisfaction
with the negative effects of urban
sprawl led to an interest in growth management.
Starting with the land use initiatives of a few local
U.S. jurisdictions, today growth management has
attained the status of a mainstream planning tool.
Growth Management
333
Definitions of growth management have changed
over time, with each definition representing a different
epoch and planning philosophy. The early
definitions were related to emerging growth policies
of the 1970s. Growth management was
defined as a more effective means to time, regulate,
or even halt an increase in population. During the
1990s, growth management definitions added governance,
institutions, and incentives, as growth
management imposed an ideological obligation on
governments to establish institutional arrangements
for using taxes, expenditures, and regulatory
powers to influence the distribution of land
use activities in a community. At the same time,
more emphasis was put on collaboration and
regional initiatives. Under growth management,
local governments would aspire to contain a
community’s development in ways that balance
competing land uses and coordinate interlocal
benefits.
The various definitions make clear that growth
management is about regulating and steering land
use with policy tools. However, as planning has
shifted over time, growth management has evolved
from a singular focus on regulation to a more complex
set of activities that reach beyond a single
community and take various stakeholder interests
into consideration.
Development of Growth Management
Growth management emerged as a movement in
U.S. planning in the 1960s. Given the problems
related to urban sprawl, such as environmental
degradation and overstretched infrastructure,
citizens grew more conscious of their urban
and natural environment. Preserving environmental
resources was the overriding concern of
many of the first-generation growth management
programs.
Following regulative and quantitative planning
modes fashionable at the time, tools such as
boundaries, staging, and growth caps were applied.
These first-generation regulations were generally
implemented in conjunction with existing planning
and zoning regulations.
The development of growth management can be
divided into programs driven by the initiatives of
single municipalities and those driven by individual