ancient cities

discretionary urban funding. The Central Manchester
Development Corporation (1988–1996), with its
renovation of the derelict canal sides of Castlefield,
has become a case study of postindustrial regeneration
as notable as London’s Docklands. Indeed
the whole idea of a Manchester model of regeneration
has some force, even if much of it can be
traced to the form of central government funding
and the examples of cities like Barcelona. The
1990s saw an orthodoxy of partnership-led regeneration,
from the redevelopment of the deprived
residential area of Hulme to the successful bid to
stage the 2002 Commonwealth Games and the
ambitious strategic vision of City Pride, which
aimed to remake the city as an outstanding European
regional capital.
In the wake of the Irish Republican Army terrorist
bombing of the city center in June 1996, the
city elite mobilized around an unprecedented
opportunity to redesign and redevelop the heart of
the city center. The aftermath energized yet another
version of partnership working in the guise of the
Manchester Millennium, and yet the nature of
the crisis generated diverse debate about how
Manchester should be rebuilt and for whom.
Although the basic tenets of urban entrepreneurialism
remained, the crisis coincided with a period of
change locally and nationally as the new Labor
government of 1997 prioritized social concerns more
explicitly. The decade since has seen a substantial
revitalization of the retail core, along with significant
projects in East Manchester and beyond.
But as Manchester has evolved from globalizer
to globalized, the city has borne a paradoxical
combination of economic decline and political
revival, social ruin and cultural renaissance.
Typical of many similar cities, Manchester has
nevertheless attempted to make the process its
own. One final example glosses this story. The
1819 Peterloo massacre was one of the defining
moments of the early industrial period: Troops
wielding sabers charged a crowd of 60,000, who
had gathered to listen to Henry Hunt speak on
behalf of parliamentary reform, causing 15 deaths
and hundreds of injuries. The Free Trade Hall was
built on the site, first in timber, then in brick, then
finally in 1843 in stone, as a monument both to a
particular idea of political economy and to the
city’s spirit of pragmatic individualism. Today, the
building’s shell houses a luxury and award-winning
Manila, Philippines
483
hotel adjacent to all the glittering prizes of city
center renewal.
Adam Holden
See also Deindustrialization; Downtown Revitalization;
Growth Machine; Local Government; Marxism and
the City; Public–Private Partnerships; Regime Theory;
Urban Politics
Further Readings
Briggs, A. 1963. “Manchester: Symbol of a New Age.” In
Victorian Cities. London: Pelican Books.
Engels, F. 1987. The Condition of the Working Class in
England. London: Penguin.
Hall, P. 1998. “The First Industrial City: Manchester
1760–1830.” Pp. 310–47 in Cities in Civilization.
London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson.
Haslam, D. 1999. Manchester, England: The Story of a
Pop Cult City. London: Fourth Estate.
Kidd, A. 1993. Manchester. Keele, Staffordshire, UK:
Keele University Press, Ryburn Press.
Messenger, G. 1985. Manchester in the Victorian Age:
The Half-known City. Manchester, UK: Manchester
University Press.
Peck, J. and K. Ward, eds. 2002. City of Revolution:
Restructuring Manchester. Manchester, UK:
Manchester University Press.
Quilley, S. 1998. “Manchester First, from Municipal
Socialism to the Entrepreneurial City.” International
Journal of Urban and Regional Research 24:601–21.
Williams, G. 2003. The Enterprising City Centre:
Manchester’s Development Strategy. London: Spon.
Ma n i l a, PhiliPPines
Metro Manila is the national capital region of the
Philippines. In 2007, the Economics and Statistics
Office of the National Statistical Coordination
Board reported that it generates 33 percent of the
country’s gross domestic product (GDP). It has
more than 11.5 million residents, which is 13 percent
of the country’s total population. This entry
traces Metro Manila’s colonial and historical past
and its integration into the world trading system
during the Spanish and American periods. It
elaborates on a number of socioeconomic gains
and environmental conditions that are associated