ancient cities

346 Hawley, Amos
Britain was not favorable to urbanism of the Grand
Manner either.
French residential culture was decidedly urban.
It enabled the prefect to complete his grand projet.
For all his might, he was dependent on market
forces for the building of the flanks of his new
arteries. That private developers were willing to
pay high prices for the cleared sites and accept
strict architectural supervision means they felt that
wealthy tenants were willing to pay high rents for
these apartments. From a land rent perspective,
building in the city’s periphery would have been
more advantageous. But no developer would even
consider building luxury dwellings there.
Although most Frenchmen lived in the countryside,
residential culture was oriented on the city.
Rural France was considered an underdeveloped
backwater. This paradox was equally prevalent in
countries like Italy, Hungary, and the new Balkan
states, where the Haussmann strategy was enthusiastically
embraced.
Great Britain offers an opposite image. Residents
preferred the suburban alternative to living in the
congested city. No British developer would have
considered building the inner-city luxury apartments
that their French counterparts did. They
focused their attention on suburbia, where they
provided single-family homes ranging from terraced
housing to detached villas.
As a result, visitors from continental Europe
were astonished to see that the world’s leading economic
and colonial power was accommodated in
such an unimpressive capital. Although France was
a more modest power, Paris had become the role
model for the representation of national grandeur.
Michiel Wagenaar
See also Capital City; City Beautiful Movement; City
Planning; London, United Kingdom; Paris, France;
Rome, Italy; Urban Planning
Further Readings
Olsen, Donald. 1986. The City as a Work of Art:
London, Paris, Vienna. New Haven, CT: Yale
University Press.
Pinon, Pierre. 2002. Atlas du Paris haussmannien : La
ville en héritage du Second Empire à nos jours (Atlas
of Haussmann Paris: The City Inherited from the
Second Empire to Today). Paris: Parigramme.
Wagenaar, Michiel. 2001. “The Capital as a
Representation of the Nation.” Pp. 339–58 in The
Territorial Factor: Political Geography in a
Globalising World, edited by Gertjan Dijkink and
Hans Knippenberg. Amsterdam: Vossiuspers.
Ha w l e y, am o s
Amos Henry Hawley (1910– ) is the founder of
neo-orthodox human ecology and a prominent
scholar in population analysis, urban sociology,
and population policy. He is currently professor
emeritus at the University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill, fellow of the American Academy of
Arts and Sciences, and Kenan Professor at the
University of North Carolina. He has served as
president of the Population Association of America
and of the American Sociological Association; as
demographic adviser to the governments of the
Philippines, the Netherlands Antilles, Thailand,
and Malaysia; as adviser to the director of Selective
Services during World War II and to the Michigan
State Planning Commission. He has assisted the
National Academy of Sciences and the U.S. Senate
in population projects. He is a recipient of the Lynd
Award from the Urban and Community Sociological
Section of the American Sociological Association
(ASA) and of the Award for Human Ecology
Contributions from Cornell University. The Amos
H. Hawley Distinguished Professorship at UNC is
named in his honor. The author of 150 papers and
books, his work redefines human ecological study
as a general theory of social organization, which
has become the primary theoretical perspective in
contemporary human ecology.
Born in 1910 in St. Louis, Missouri, Amos
Hawley received his AB degree from the University
of Cincinnati in 1936. Here Hawley was exposed
to sociology and human ecology by James A.
Quinn who, like Hawley, would later figure prominently
in the neo-orthodox movement in human
ecology. Taken with the macrosocial approach
aspects of society, Hawley pursued his graduate
work at the University of Michigan under one of
the best-known human ecologists of his day,
Roderick D. McKenzie. In his first year, Hawley
worked closely with McKenzie on a comprehensive
treatise on human ecology. This collaborative