ancient cities

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Ar c A d e
It is the arcades of early twentieth-century Paris
that are the most familiar to scholars in urban
studies because of the work of critical theorist
Walter Benjamin and surrealist writers such as
Louis Aragon and André Breton. This entry, however,
focuses on the arcades of London.
Arcades arguably originated in London in the
sixteenth century as the sites of financial exchange
and trade. Adopting a spatial arrangement from
Italian mercantile cities where the financial exchange
of bankers took place in arcaded courtyards, the
Royal Exchange, built in 1568, consisted of a twostory
gallery around an open courtyard. In 1609 a
rival, the New Exchange, was built farther west in
the Strand, internalizing the courtyard and placing an
arcaded walk around the outside, two rows of shops
and a central corridor on the ground floor, and three
rows of shops on the upper floor. The New Exchange
and those that followed, such as the Exeter Change
Arcade
33
(1676) and the Middle Exchange, were located to the
west of the city, their intended customers initially the
nobility traveling west from their residences.
By siting trade internally and rationalizing the
layout of booths, these commodity exchanges sanitized
and regulated the market place, making it
acceptable to a new bourgeois class, providing
fancy goods—perfumes and clothes rather than the
food products of traditional markets. The bazaar, a
multistory building containing shopping stalls or
counters, as well as picture galleries, indoor gardens,
and menageries, by using a name that evoked
the exotic qualities of the merchandise, took the
process of commodification one stage further.
Under the management of one proprietor, counters
were rented out to retailers of different trades,
attracting customers to a wider variety of commodities—dresses,
accessories, millinery.
Precedents for English arcades also came from
France, from the Jardins du Palais Royal (1781–
1786), a quadrangle with an arcaded ground floor
and shops along one side, described as the prototype
of the prerevolutionary Parisian arcade, a meeting
place for wealthy society prerevolution and postrevolution,
converted into shops. The first arcades,
places of transition as well as exchange, such as the
Galleries du Bois, the Passage Feydeau (1791), and
the Passage du Caire (1797–1799), followed shortly
afterward. The first two arcades constructed during
the early decades of the nineteenth century in
London were the Royal Opera Arcade (1815–1817),
designed by John Nash and G. S. Repton, and the
Burlington Arcade (1818–1819), designed by Samuel
Ware. A third London arcade, the Lowther Arcade,
was also part of an urban improvement scheme
around Trafalgar Square. The London arcades were
part of plans to promote the fashionable and wealthy
residential areas of the west around Piccadilly, Bond
Street, Oxford Street, and Regent Street as a zone of
luxury commodity consumption.
The Burlington Arcade was built for Lord
Cavendish, the owner of Burlington House, to create
a private realm, protected from the street, for
an elite class of shopper. Arcades were represented
as safe environments, usually under the management
of one proprietor, physically secure with
safety features, such as guards and lockable gates.
Designed along strict and rational grids, with no
hidden spaces or secret activities, these buildings