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Copyright © 2010 by SAGE Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information: SAGE Publications, Inc. 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 E-mail: order@sagepub.com SAGE Publications Ltd. 1 Oliver’s Yard 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd. B 1/I 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 044 India SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte. Ltd. 33 Pekin Street #02-01 Far East Square Singapore 048763 Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of urban studies/edited by Ray Hutchison. v. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4129-1432-1 (cloth) 1. Cities and towns—Encyclopedias. 2. Sociology, Urban—Encyclopedias. I. Hutchison, Ray. HT108.5.E634 2010 307.76003—dc22 2009026609 This book is printed on acid-free paper. 09 10 11 12 13 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Publisher: Rolf A. Janke Assistant to the Publisher: Michele Thompson Acquisitions Editor: Robert Rojek Developmental Editor: Sara Tauber Reference Systems Manager: Leticia Gutierrez Reference Systems Coordinator: Laura Notton Production Editor: Tracy Buyan Copy Editors: Colleen Brennan, Jackie Tasch Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd. Proofreaders: Kristin Bergstad, Rae-Ann Goodwin Indexer: David Luljak Cover Designer: Gail Buschman Marketing Manager: Amberlyn McKay
Page 3: Editorial Board Editor Ray Hutchiso
Page 8 and 9: List of Entries Acropolis Advocacy
Page 10 and 11: Lösch, August Lynch, Kevin Manches
Page 12 and 13: Reader’s Guide The Encyclopedia o
Page 14 and 15: Racialization Social Production of
Page 16 and 17: Cities The encyclopedia includes en
Page 18 and 19: About the Editors General Editor Ra
Page 20 and 21: Contributors Manuel B. Aalbers Univ
Page 22 and 23: Mark M. Gray Georgetown University
Page 24 and 25: Itohan Osayimwese University of Was
Page 26 and 27: Introduction We live in an urban wo
Page 28 and 29: y a select group of scholars to wri
Page 30 and 31: A The Athenian Acropolis Ac r o p o
Page 32 and 33: would be no one single plan that wo
Page 34 and 35: them into one public interest would
Page 36 and 37: Housing that consumes less than 30
Page 38 and 39: area to mark the space formally. Th
Page 40 and 41: different ways in which technology
Page 42 and 43: New Direction in Mobility Research
Page 44 and 45: organization, and then leave with t
Page 46 and 47: The allegories of Good and Bad Gove
Page 48 and 49: Urbanization and industrialization
Page 50 and 51: The city is part of the Randstad me
Page 52 and 53: Kingdom’s “right to buy” prog
Page 54 and 55:
dominated by large imperial capital
Page 56 and 57:
ancient urban sites. In this newer
Page 58 and 59:
ole as well. But the notion that si
Page 60 and 61:
in 1994. Particular attention is de
Page 62 and 63:
Christopher, A. J. 1998. “(De)Seg
Page 64 and 65:
The precise relation of the stairca
Page 66 and 67:
classic study Architectural Practic
Page 68 and 69:
The modern architecture of Vancouve
Page 70 and 71:
As i A n cities Asia extends from t
Page 72 and 73:
orientation toward export-oriented
Page 74 and 75:
Parthenon at the Acropolis in Athen
Page 76 and 77:
difference from both the Macedonian
Page 78 and 79:
Independence from German occupation
Page 80 and 81:
Ba c k-t o-t h e-ci t y Mo v e M e
Page 82 and 83:
shelter to the very poor of the reg
Page 84 and 85:
Further Readings Fourcaut, A., E. B
Page 86 and 87:
political parties (left wing, natio
Page 88 and 89:
the past decade, economic, cultural
Page 90 and 91:
other cities. Adjacent neighborhood
Page 92 and 93:
an activity and a system based on t
Page 94 and 95:
issue. Due to its uncontrollable an
Page 96 and 97:
labor force crucial to the burgeoni
Page 98 and 99:
witticisms influenced by the surrea
Page 100 and 101:
France, and Great Britain joined th
Page 102 and 103:
thus opening up space in central ur
Page 104 and 105:
which he advocates his views, and w
Page 106 and 107:
Frank Gehry’s Guggenheim Museum B
Page 108 and 109:
McNeill, D. 2000. “McGuggenisatio
Page 110 and 111:
countercultural youth, beat icon Ne
Page 112 and 113:
abstracted from the real problems o
Page 114 and 115:
Freeway 7 7 7 7 11 1. Small farms 2
Page 116 and 117:
which it achieved around 1300. This
Page 118 and 119:
the banks of the River Plate estuar
Page 120 and 121:
century, a new mind-set with regard
Page 122 and 123:
The specific social, cultural, and
Page 124 and 125:
flagship metro or light rail projec
Page 126 and 127:
Ca i r o, Eg y p t Cairo, or Al-Qah
Page 128 and 129:
Infrastructural projects like bridg
Page 130 and 131:
and global (McDonald’s, Monchow W
Page 132 and 133:
extensive tree planting and suburba
Page 134 and 135:
oasted enormous temples and pyramid
Page 136 and 137:
Berlin Federal states did not offer
Page 138 and 139:
Even on a global scale, 5 of the 10
Page 140 and 141:
years, while coming to terms with t
Page 142 and 143:
distinction is made between the hig
Page 144 and 145:
were influenced by the political up
Page 146 and 147:
When Castells started to conduct re
Page 148 and 149:
Zukin, Sharon. 1980. “A Decade of
Page 150 and 151:
lifelines (i.e., roadways for evacu
Page 152 and 153:
interior because it served as the c
Page 154 and 155:
in the metropolitan area shifted dr
Page 156 and 157:
States—is intimately associated w
Page 158 and 159:
used in the Chicago studies. Burges
Page 160 and 161:
4. Monumental public architecture 5
Page 162 and 163:
of downtown cores is indicative of
Page 164 and 165:
Christiansen, F. 2003. Chinatown, E
Page 166 and 167:
major changes—the widening of maj
Page 168 and 169:
cinemas shared characteristics with
Page 170 and 171:
kind of analysis, film studies are
Page 172 and 173:
enewal programs, urban marketing, g
Page 174 and 175:
an insider. This creates a figure i
Page 176 and 177:
Christian, heterosexual, male, Whit
Page 178 and 179:
Paris. Throughout much of its early
Page 180 and 181:
inner-city theaters by storm. Later
Page 182 and 183:
of the population to the cities is
Page 184 and 185:
government planned to transform the
Page 186 and 187:
City clubs worked through civic com
Page 188 and 189:
manifest itself through sharp contr
Page 190 and 191:
Rossi, Aldo. 1984. The Architecture
Page 192 and 193:
Levy, John M. 2003. Contemporary Ur
Page 194 and 195:
well as in the use of top cultural
Page 196 and 197:
army. Colonial cities appear in the
Page 198 and 199:
Constructed from the cheapest mater
Page 200 and 201:
Co M M u n i t y The concept of com
Page 202 and 203:
change, theorizations of community
Page 204 and 205:
formed by kin and clan, the questio
Page 206 and 207:
more of a social service mission. T
Page 208 and 209:
Gardens varied widely based on loca
Page 210 and 211:
Co M M u n i t y st u d i E s Commu
Page 212 and 213:
ange of class, ethnic, and identity
Page 214 and 215:
Furthermore, research conducted by
Page 216 and 217:
and St. Louis acquired a site on th
Page 218 and 219:
young and mobile—make location de
Page 220 and 221:
neighborhoods that were located clo
Page 222 and 223:
laws as part of the War on Drugs ha
Page 224 and 225:
grown from being the effort of a fe
Page 226 and 227:
A plaza near the Teatro Nacional in
Page 228 and 229:
computer-mediated communication, is
Page 230:
explored the influence of everyday
Page 233 and 234:
204 Damascus, Syria early Christian
Page 235 and 236:
206 Davis, Mike he has an expansive
Page 237 and 238:
208 de Certeau, Michel D e ce r t e
Page 239 and 240:
210 Deindustrialization power tends
Page 241 and 242:
212 Delhi, India old/north and new/
Page 243 and 244:
214 Developer also witnessed, howev
Page 245 and 246:
216 Developer retail, for example
Page 247 and 248:
218 Disability and the City Kenning
Page 249 and 250:
220 Disability and the City cannot
Page 251 and 252:
222 Discotheque films, clothes, and
Page 253 and 254:
224 Displacement maintenance, and r
Page 255 and 256:
226 Divided Cities national boundar
Page 257 and 258:
228 Divided Cities Thus, as Fraser
Page 259 and 260:
230 Downs, Anthony and African Amer
Page 261 and 262:
232 Downtown Revitalization for exa
Page 263 and 264:
234 Drug Economy specialty shopping
Page 265 and 266:
236 Drug Economy participation. Oft
Page 267 and 268:
238 Du Bois, W. E. B. affecting Afr
Page 270 and 271:
Ed g E Ci t y Edge city is a term u
Page 272 and 273:
studies. John Macionis and Vincent
Page 274 and 275:
polychlorinated biphenyl. Prolonged
Page 276 and 277:
Young, Iris M. 2004. “Responsibil
Page 278 and 279:
migration policies, and stream dayl
Page 280 and 281:
capacities for behavior and the soc
Page 282 and 283:
satisfactions of those who use them
Page 284 and 285:
Stokols, Daniel and Irwin Altman. 1
Page 286 and 287:
hythm of the community in reference
Page 288 and 289:
esources (e.g., financial capital,
Page 290 and 291:
community character and curtail dem
Page 292:
Soja, Edward. 1989. “It All Comes
Page 295 and 296:
266 Fair Housing Further Readings B
Page 297 and 298:
268 Favela Fa v e l a The term fave
Page 299 and 300:
270 Favela as an evil, a “cancer
Page 301 and 302:
272 Flâneur warring criminal organ
Page 303 and 304:
274 Florence, Italy the flâneur th
Page 305 and 306:
276 Florence, Italy A view of Flore
Page 307 and 308:
278 Florence, Italy religious compl
Page 309 and 310:
280 Fourth World a central forum an
Page 311 and 312:
282 Fujita, Masahisa Indeed, many o
Page 314 and 315:
Ga n s, He r b e r t The sociologis
Page 316 and 317:
Ebenezer Howard’s design for the
Page 318 and 319:
Buder, Stanley. 1990. Visionaries a
Page 320 and 321:
eliant on walls and private securit
Page 322 and 323:
as they attracted heterosexual cons
Page 324 and 325:
attempt to summarize his brand of e
Page 326 and 327:
evident within society. Gemeinschaf
Page 328 and 329:
The genesis of this approach to spa
Page 330 and 331:
the highly sexualized contacts that
Page 332 and 333:
injustice varies across time and cu
Page 334 and 335:
prosperity, and general welfare, as
Page 336 and 337:
a developing rent gap in run-down n
Page 338 and 339:
esearch theme in more than half the
Page 340 and 341:
Today, the Museo Communita Ebraica
Page 342 and 343:
Wacquant, Loïc. 2008. Urban Outcas
Page 344 and 345:
this blind spot are under way, even
Page 346 and 347:
more accountable and also more repl
Page 348 and 349:
corporate headquarters and professi
Page 350 and 351:
The foundation of all semiotics is
Page 352 and 353:
See also Castells, Manuel; Chicago
Page 354 and 355:
These differences are most evident
Page 356 and 357:
crime control thesis advanced by Wi
Page 358 and 359:
or its style, or its placement. Som
Page 360 and 361:
argue that one interesting thing ab
Page 362 and 363:
Further Readings del Cerro Santamar
Page 364 and 365:
growth management realm. Europe has
Page 366:
Policies based on growth pole theor
Page 369 and 370:
340 Hall, Peter groups in the plann
Page 371 and 372:
342 Harvey, David positivist-scient
Page 373 and 374:
344 Haussmann, Baron Georges-Eugèn
Page 375 and 376:
346 Hawley, Amos Britain was not fa
Page 377 and 378:
348 Healthy Cities This concern wit
Page 379 and 380:
350 Healthy Cities International Ex
Page 381 and 382:
352 Heritage City World Heritage Wo
Page 383 and 384:
354 Heterotopia castle that predate
Page 385 and 386:
356 Hip Hop hip hop is how bodies,
Page 387 and 388:
358 Historic Cities of the city’s
Page 389 and 390:
360 Historic Cities renovation of C
Page 391 and 392:
362 Homelessness conservation of it
Page 393 and 394:
364 Homelessness illness to differe
Page 395 and 396:
366 Homeownership Further Readings
Page 397 and 398:
368 Homeownership primary source of
Page 399 and 400:
370 Hong Kong, China reformers and
Page 401 and 402:
372 Hotel, Motel circulation, wheth
Page 403 and 404:
374 Hotel, Motel simple as a room a
Page 405 and 406:
376 Housing The Integration of Hous
Page 407 and 408:
378 Housing dissatisfaction. Such d
Page 409 and 410:
380 Housing Policy work. Research s
Page 411 and 412:
382 Housing Policy of this analysis
Page 413 and 414:
384 Human Ecology Basic Characteris
Page 415 and 416:
386 Human Ecology the discipline aw
Page 418 and 419:
Id e a l CI t y Sharp straight line
Page 420 and 421:
Very often, ideal cities of archite
Page 422 and 423:
finance institutions for trade and
Page 424 and 425:
(R&D) and innovation in their area,
Page 426 and 427:
Manchester Literary and Philosophic
Page 428 and 429:
living and that modern Western indu
Page 430 and 431:
Regional Science. In 1960, the firs
Page 432 and 433:
century AD, Maliki law was highly d
Page 434 and 435:
The madinah, it would seem, is well
Page 436 and 437:
An apartment building in current-da
Page 438 and 439:
tried to control them, especially d
Page 440 and 441:
Ja c k s o n, ke n n e t h t. Kenne
Page 442 and 443:
opportunity to speak at a 1956 Harv
Page 444 and 445:
locks to maximize opportunities for
Page 446 and 447:
In most countries, the proportion t
Page 448 and 449:
Ka m p u n g Kampung, the Malay wor
Page 450 and 451:
egulation, negotiation, and politic
Page 452 and 453:
dealing with the widest possible ar
Page 454:
Kracauer, Siegfried. 1995. The Mass
Page 457 and 458:
428 Lagos, Nigeria complete with th
Page 459 and 460:
430 Landscape Architecture developm
Page 461 and 462:
432 Landscapes of Power draws on en
Page 463 and 464:
434 Land Trusts Last, Zukin discuse
Page 465 and 466:
436 Las Vegas, Nevada place, Las Ve
Page 467 and 468:
438 Las Vegas, Nevada spatially and
Page 469 and 470:
440 Lawn temperatures, the scarcity
Page 471 and 472:
442 Lawn The Lawn as Sociocultural
Page 473 and 474:
444 Le Corbusier Pressure to seek s
Page 475 and 476:
446 Le Corbusier the schools of arc
Page 477 and 478:
448 Lefebvre, Henri of neocapitalis
Page 479 and 480:
450 Lefebvre, Henri A New Role for
Page 481 and 482:
452 Local Government central monarc
Page 483 and 484:
454 Local Government local level to
Page 485 and 486:
456 Location Theory Staat (The Isol
Page 487 and 488:
458 Loft Living hearings. They dema
Page 489 and 490:
460 London, United Kingdom Zukin, S
Page 491 and 492:
462 London, United Kingdom househol
Page 493 and 494:
464 Los Angeles, California likely
Page 495 and 496:
466 Los Angeles, California souther
Page 497 and 498:
468 Los Angeles School of Urban Stu
Page 499 and 500:
470 Los Angeles School of Urban Stu
Page 501 and 502:
472 Lösch, August Chicago School m
Page 503 and 504:
474 Lynch, Kevin incomes—is settl
Page 505 and 506:
476 Lynch, Kevin maps. Some of thes
Page 507 and 508:
478 Lynch, Kevin was supported by t
Page 510 and 511:
Ma n c h e s t e r, Un i t e d Ki n
Page 512 and 513:
discretionary urban funding. The Ce
Page 514 and 515:
Lake and Manila Bay. Its elevation
Page 516 and 517:
with the more complex issue of how
Page 518 and 519:
ole of competition between rival bl
Page 520 and 521:
Aspects of Urban Design in the Midd
Page 522 and 523:
idea of how to create a new town. I
Page 524 and 525:
for congregation of different popul
Page 526 and 527:
At the level of Mediterranean citys
Page 528 and 529:
Table 1 Population in Megalopolitan
Page 530 and 531:
1950-1970: The Rise of the Suburbs
Page 532 and 533:
and the sense that one had lost eff
Page 534 and 535:
metropolitan statistical area (MSA)
Page 536 and 537:
transformation of the political pro
Page 538 and 539:
This is just one illustration of wh
Page 540 and 541:
Emerging metropolitan forms have be
Page 542 and 543:
opulent districts to the south and
Page 544 and 545:
Despite positive aspects of this gr
Page 546 and 547:
See also City Planning; Deindustria
Page 548 and 549:
(with a projected service life of 2
Page 550 and 551:
post-socialist. Their hasty applica
Page 552 and 553:
the Hudson River waterfront for sev
Page 554 and 555:
The newspapers first turned a consi
Page 556 and 557:
More than 30 percent speak a langua
Page 558 and 559:
Mandarin translation services for c
Page 560 and 561:
the city’s population lives in in
Page 562 and 563:
Howard. Cities must reach a critica
Page 564 and 565:
level, the project’s core thesis
Page 566 and 567:
The British Museum in London houses
Page 568:
Monterey, California, refashioned f
Page 571 and 572:
542 Necropolis The French is in tur
Page 573 and 574:
544 Neighborhood Revitalization Hac
Page 575 and 576:
546 New Regionalism Opposed to this
Page 577 and 578:
548 New Urbanism suburbanites found
Page 579 and 580:
550 New Urbanism In October 1991, J
Page 581 and 582:
552 New Urbanism Duany, Elizabeth M
Page 583 and 584:
554 New Urban Sociology deindustria
Page 585 and 586:
556 New York City, New York On the
Page 587 and 588:
558 New York City, New York reforme
Page 589 and 590:
560 New York City, New York New Yor
Page 591 and 592:
562 Nightlife was that of modernism
Page 593 and 594:
564 Nightlife Vauxhall at first, bu
Page 595 and 596:
566 Night Spaces casually acquainte
Page 597 and 598:
568 Non-Place Realm Yet, the creati
Page 599 and 600:
570 Non-Sexist City work by creatin
Page 601 and 602:
572 Nuclear War planning. Ideally,
Page 603 and 604:
574 Nuclear War changed the demogra
Page 605 and 606:
576 Other Global Cities “third wo
Page 607 and 608:
578 Other Global Cities and refugee
Page 609 and 610:
580 Paris, France And as for the la
Page 611 and 612:
582 Parks city itself. As Paris goe
Page 613 and 614:
584 Parks Industrial cities such as
Page 615 and 616:
586 Patchwork Urbanism Chadwick, G.
Page 617 and 618:
588 Patchwork Urbanism city’s sig
Page 619 and 620:
590 Photography and the City potent
Page 621 and 622:
592 Photography and the City enough
Page 623 and 624:
594 Photography and the City these
Page 625 and 626:
596 Piazza A piazza in Rome Source:
Page 627 and 628:
598 Piazza especially those of Marx
Page 629 and 630:
600 Placemaking interests. Placemak
Page 631 and 632:
602 Placemaking economic enterprise
Page 633 and 634:
604 Planning Theory Table 1 Dimensi
Page 635 and 636:
606 Planning Theory the stronger ar
Page 637 and 638:
608 Political Machine personal touc
Page 639 and 640:
610 Progressive City for a site; ad
Page 641 and 642:
612 Progressive City more responsiv
Page 643 and 644:
614 Public Art Inukshuk sculpture a
Page 645 and 646:
616 Public Art Public art as founta
Page 647 and 648:
618 Public Art independent curators
Page 649 and 650:
620 Public-Private Partnerships lon
Page 651 and 652:
622 Public-Private Partnerships pub
Page 653 and 654:
624 Public Realm finances, is the c
Page 655 and 656:
626 Public Realm portion of public
Page 658 and 659:
Ra c i a l i z a t i o n Racializat
Page 660 and 661:
acialized space occupied by the Afr
Page 662 and 663:
The ornate interior of the Antwerp
Page 664 and 665:
to occur. In part, this might be ac
Page 666 and 667:
and the networks and relationships
Page 668 and 669:
distinctive, well known, and persis
Page 670 and 671:
As well as red-light districts, man
Page 672 and 673:
in both the amount and terms of mor
Page 674 and 675:
ecomes: How are those interests rec
Page 676 and 677:
poor, port wardens, and other servi
Page 678 and 679:
governments are the rule. Metropoli
Page 680 and 681:
to find a rational distribution of
Page 682 and 683:
of criticism over the years. There
Page 684 and 685:
mathematical beauty, based on the h
Page 686 and 687:
put it) “a state within the state
Page 688 and 689:
Re n t th e o R y Land rent refers
Page 690 and 691:
obstacle to the accumulation of cap
Page 692 and 693:
Aix-les-Bains and Aix-en-Provence (
Page 694 and 695:
Pearce, D. 1989. Tourist Developmen
Page 696 and 697:
Smith’s revanchist city thesis ha
Page 698 and 699:
important, focusing critical attent
Page 700 and 701:
capital as an end in itself, but wo
Page 702 and 703:
schools to be built with adjoining
Page 704 and 705:
After surviving the crucible of the
Page 706 and 707:
St. Peter’s Square (Piazza San Pi
Page 708 and 709:
Sa n t a Fe, ne w Me x i c o Santa
Page 710 and 711:
Chris Wilson has noted that early p
Page 712 and 713:
They are longitudinal in nature, wi
Page 714 and 715:
lead to the construction of a Brazi
Page 716 and 717:
Further Readings Bruno, E. 1953. Hi
Page 718 and 719:
often cited as the country’s most
Page 720 and 721:
est preserved ensembles of nineteen
Page 722 and 723:
uilt from this plan, although Sert
Page 724 and 725:
———. 1942. Can Our Cities Sur
Page 726 and 727:
all efforts to contain and steriliz
Page 728 and 729:
clustering abound. Studies of these
Page 730 and 731:
hence helped to maintain the sancti
Page 732 and 733:
thus stressed it is not permissible
Page 734 and 735:
Shanghai has become a cosmopolitan
Page 736 and 737:
Cities such as Suzhou, Wuxi, and Ch
Page 738 and 739:
Sh o p p i n g Shopping is a basic
Page 740 and 741:
iggest, most elegant department sto
Page 742 and 743:
on the existing urban structure. Fi
Page 744 and 745:
however, on the place of origin: th
Page 746 and 747:
opposed to civic or spiritual) phen
Page 748 and 749:
Concept of the Stranger In this sen
Page 750 and 751:
the popular activities and habitual
Page 752 and 753:
approaches that attempt to reinsert
Page 754 and 755:
philosophy to excise urban slums an
Page 756 and 757:
transformation, so that they might
Page 758 and 759:
for the International Skateboard Ch
Page 760 and 761:
frequently in areas of semicontroll
Page 762 and 763:
low income, by addressing the multi
Page 764 and 765:
importance of services, the decline
Page 766 and 767:
authority, which may be central or
Page 768 and 769:
This early concept of urban social
Page 770 and 771:
these “green” and participatory
Page 772 and 773:
A representation of space is constr
Page 774 and 775:
foreign direct investment in real e
Page 776 and 777:
exchange value outstrip use and use
Page 778 and 779:
sciences to develop a concept of
Page 780 and 781:
weakening the class struggle. Simil
Page 782 and 783:
distinguished between a concentrate
Page 784 and 785:
was critiqued as being written by a
Page 786 and 787:
outnumber men in the more “sensit
Page 788 and 789:
place, not out of place. This shows
Page 790 and 791:
in cities are entangled with those
Page 792 and 793:
the number of knowledge workers led
Page 794 and 795:
Sports Stadiums Comerica Park, whic
Page 796 and 797:
awareness that it is happening and
Page 798 and 799:
Stadt Entwerfen. Band 5 Der Schrift
Page 800 and 801:
small groups of the urban poor trav
Page 802 and 803:
whom they do not know personally. W
Page 804 and 805:
“Elevated car falls to street”
Page 806 and 807:
protectors on the street, and they
Page 808 and 809:
at restaurants or riding on buses,
Page 810 and 811:
produced streetcar suburbs in the U
Page 812 and 813:
y women moving out of slums via off
Page 814 and 815:
cooperation between various private
Page 816 and 817:
Defining Surveillance Surveillance
Page 818 and 819:
extreme, in the fractured cities of
Page 820 and 821:
economies are able to benefit diver
Page 822 and 823:
potential and to be more self-relia
Page 824 and 825:
Te c h n o b u r b s The term techn
Page 826 and 827:
technological laboratories and high
Page 828 and 829:
Further Readings Castells, Manuel a
Page 830 and 831:
Castells, Manuel and Peter Hall. 19
Page 832 and 833:
Yard of a tenement at Park Avenue a
Page 834 and 835:
in the early twentieth century, esp
Page 836 and 837:
that owns and operates them (e.g.,
Page 838 and 839:
city visitors are free to wander ab
Page 840 and 841:
dimensions of human geography. Time
Page 842 and 843:
dis-enabled, by a lack of certainty
Page 844 and 845:
printing, electronics, steel and me
Page 846 and 847:
Tokyo’s spatial distribution of i
Page 848 and 849:
human spirit, as opposed to the mea
Page 850 and 851:
they do not leave the tourists’ e
Page 852 and 853:
A last but not least factor, and mo
Page 854 and 855:
Tr a n s p o r T a T i o n Transpor
Page 856 and 857:
immense pressure. Transit ridership
Page 858 and 859:
goals and objectives for the plan.
Page 860 and 861:
to shift the role of government fro
Page 862 and 863:
Un e v e n De v e l o p m e n t The
Page 864 and 865:
Some of these ideas connect with th
Page 866 and 867:
comparisons of “urbanized areas
Page 868 and 869:
urban—more precisely, reported as
Page 870 and 871:
emphasis on “primitive” peoples
Page 872 and 873:
folk-urban continuum, came under sc
Page 874 and 875:
Ur b a n ar c h a e o l o g y Urban
Page 876 and 877:
eligious practices beyond those of
Page 878 and 879:
Urban Climate Figure 1 Scales of Ur
Page 880 and 881:
oundary layer) and in the urban sur
Page 882 and 883:
Roofs may be altered to increase th
Page 884 and 885:
public facilities, but much of the
Page 886 and 887:
urban condition. Wirth, a member of
Page 888 and 889:
which they live and factors such as
Page 890 and 891:
They can handle problems of periphe
Page 892 and 893:
the size of a population and the pa
Page 894 and 895:
the location of demolished building
Page 896 and 897:
incorporates neighborhood choice as
Page 898 and 899:
Urban Entertainment Destination Chi
Page 900 and 901:
economic inequality and social excl
Page 902 and 903:
While geographers treat these model
Page 904 and 905:
geographers in a discussion of the
Page 906 and 907:
in the rapidly urbanizing developin
Page 908 and 909:
Key events that prompted the post-W
Page 910 and 911:
a phenomenon of central importance
Page 912 and 913:
nation to which it belongs. The adv
Page 914 and 915:
where “there exists a condition o
Page 916 and 917:
impact of cities upon human behavio
Page 918 and 919:
century different from the industri
Page 920 and 921:
National Urban League. 1950. 40th A
Page 922 and 923:
the establishment of an assertive a
Page 924 and 925:
especially to the early work of Ott
Page 926 and 927:
cities (cf. intraurban physiognomy)
Page 928 and 929:
Ur b a n no v e l The study of the
Page 930 and 931:
cities have lost much of their circ
Page 932 and 933:
See also Dickens, Charles; Flâneur
Page 934 and 935:
address these problems, the impleme
Page 936 and 937:
well as (or even rather than) the c
Page 938 and 939:
emained provisional, as the new urb
Page 940 and 941:
Ur b a n po l i t i c s The study o
Page 942 and 943:
Historical Perspectives The governa
Page 944 and 945:
causes and effects of this little-u
Page 946 and 947:
overload causes long-term adaptatio
Page 948 and 949:
semiotic analysis can be applied to
Page 950 and 951:
marketing. The postindustrial city
Page 952 and 953:
shared meaning with functional inte
Page 954 and 955:
(and other times less) to do with u
Page 956 and 957:
City, edited by R. E. Park and E. W
Page 958 and 959:
produced have emerged from several
Page 960 and 961:
involving such physical objects as
Page 962 and 963:
programs hoped to raise the stature
Page 964 and 965:
to, their home disciplines. Of cour
Page 966 and 967:
different path from central place t
Page 968 and 969:
systems, and by the available techn
Page 970 and 971:
Marxism urban theorists. Urban poli
Page 972 and 973:
the phenomenon under investigation
Page 974 and 975:
within walking distance, a mix of h
Page 976 and 977:
Bauhaus School issued challenging a
Page 978:
Hall, Peter. 2002. Cities of Tomorr
Page 981 and 982:
952 Venice, Italy The Republic (oft
Page 983 and 984:
954 Venice, Italy prostitutes. Even
Page 985 and 986:
956 Veranda and Normandy, from wher
Page 987 and 988:
958 Walking City bias and neglect o
Page 989 and 990:
960 Waste contaminating those near
Page 991 and 992:
962 Waste account of London Labour
Page 993 and 994:
964 Women and the City the southern
Page 995 and 996:
966 World City planning, as well as
Page 997 and 998:
968 World City capital, and culture
Page 999 and 1000:
970 World-Systems Perspective Walle
Page 1001 and 1002:
972 World-Systems Perspective The W
Page 1003 and 1004:
974 Wren, Sir Christopher between t
Page 1006 and 1007:
Zo ö p o l i s Zoöpolis refers to
Page 1008 and 1009:
inquiry and were increasingly avail
Page 1010 and 1011:
Index Entry titles and their page n
Page 1012 and 1013:
Animals, 2:977-980 Annapolis, Maryl
Page 1014 and 1015:
Baudrillard, Jean, 1:94, 140, 262,
Page 1016 and 1017:
Brunel, Isambard Kingdom, 2:592 Bru
Page 1018 and 1019:
Charleston, South Carolina, 1:196 C
Page 1020 and 1021:
City users, 1:163-165 City walls, 1
Page 1022 and 1023:
Counterpublic spheres, 1:328 Crang,
Page 1024 and 1025:
Disease, 2:802, 877. See also Hygie
Page 1026 and 1027:
Environmental racism, 1:244 Environ
Page 1028 and 1029:
Form-based codes, 2:549 Form-Based
Page 1030 and 1031:
Giersch, Herbert, 1:474 Gilbert, D.
Page 1032 and 1033:
Hadrian, 1:47 Hägerstrand, Torsten
Page 1034 and 1035:
Hovorka, Alice, 2:978 Howard, Ebene
Page 1036 and 1037:
Healthy Cities movement, 1:350 mega
Page 1038 and 1039:
Kureishi, Hanif, 1:151, 2:902 Kures
Page 1040 and 1041:
Loma Prieta earthquake (1989), 1:11
Page 1042 and 1043:
Maximilian I, emperor of Mexico, 1:
Page 1044 and 1045:
sex industry, 2:700-703 youth, 2:75
Page 1046 and 1047:
urban villages, 2:944-945 values an
Page 1048 and 1049:
Participatory rural appraisal, 1:17
Page 1050 and 1051:
Postmodernism architecture, 1:40 ci
Page 1052 and 1053:
comprehensive planning, 1:2-3, 4, 2
Page 1054 and 1055:
Saarinen, Eliel, 2:693 Sabah, Majed
Page 1056 and 1057:
Siem Reap, Cambodia, 1:196 Siena, I
Page 1058 and 1059:
Simmel’s social theory of, 2:720-
Page 1060 and 1061:
Sydney, Australia, 1:308, 309, 527,
Page 1062 and 1063:
planning, 2:822-824, 826-832 railro
Page 1064 and 1065:
demographic, 2:881 difference, 1:44
Page 1066 and 1067:
Vienna, Austria, 1:196, 354, 397 Vi
Page 1068:
Zeublin, Manuel, The Chicago Ghetto
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