ancient cities

(R&D) and innovation in their area, the types of
R&D and the sectors they focus can vary widely.
Overall, by attracting new firms, technology parks
can create substantial agglomerative effects for the
regional economy.
Despite their differences, contemporary technologypark
initiatives have the following aspects in common.
They have knowledge and technology-based
enterprises (e.g., Nokia in Helsinki Digital Village),
knowledge workers, and R&D and educational
institutions; provide living facilities that promote
creativity, cater to emerging lifestyle choices, and
celebrate the experience of place; and are guided
and managed by partnerships between governments,
real estate developers, educational or
research institutions, and information and new
media companies.
Strategies for Building Successful
Knowledge Cities
Attempts to transform cities into knowledge cities
will likely fail if they are not guided by sound strategic
visions. These strategic visions should incorporate
policies for attracting and retaining
knowledge workers and industries and also for
empowering citizens as knowledge creators and
innovators. The top-tier knowledge cities specialize
in a few sectors only and set ambitious goals
for each; they develop their knowledge-based policies
carefully.
The common strategies include political and
societal will; strategic vision and development
plans; financial support and strong investments;
agencies to promote knowledge-based urban development;
an international, multicultural character
of the city; metropolitan Web portals; value creation
for citizens; creation of urban innovative
engines; assurance of knowledge society rights;
low-cost access to advanced communication networks;
research excellence; and robust public
library networks.
Implementation of the above-mentioned strategies
and policies requires a broad intellectual team
with expertise in urban development, urban studies
and planning, socioeconomic development,
models of intellectual capital, and knowledge management.
It also requires understanding of the
diverse spatial forms of the knowledge city, where a
large number of knowledge clusters are particularly
Intellectuals
395
important in promoting the spillover effects vital
for long-term economic prosperity.
Tan Yigitcanlar
See also Castells, Manuel; Creative Class; Cyburbia;
Technopoles; Urban Planning
Further Readings
Carrillo, F., ed. 2006. Knowledge Cities: Approaches,
Experiences, and Perspectives. Oxford, UK:
Butterworth-Heinemann.
Corey, K. and M. Wilson. 2006. Urban and Regional
Technology Planning: Planning Practice in the Global
Knowledge Economy. New York: Routledge.
Florida, R. 2004. Cities and the Creative Class. New
York: Routledge.
ISoCaRP. 2005. Making Spaces for the Creative
Economy. Madrid: Author.
Landry, C. 2006. The Art of City Making. London:
Earthscan.
Yigitcanlar, T., K. Velibeyoglu, and S. Baum, eds. 2007.
Knowledge-based Urban Development: Planning and
Applications in the Information Era. New York: Idea.
In t e l l e C t u a l s
There has been much heated debate among journalists,
academics, and others recently on the
question of who is an intellectual and whether
there has been a decline in intellectual life. The
trend now is toward a less prescriptive definition
than the one previously accepted. The label intellectual
now tends to be applied to individuals who
employ their mind to learn, understand, think
abstractly, or apply knowledge rather than allowing
their emotions to dominate behavior, although
modern psychology recognizes a more complex
interrelationship between emotions and intellect,
for instance, with respect to creativity. Those
labeled as intellectuals are not necessarily associated
with any particular field of endeavor, but
they usually make some effort to communicate
ideas to an audience either verbally, in writing, or
artistically. Although there is no hard and fast
division between intellectual and artistic life, intellectuals
have usually been regarded as a separate
group from artists.