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Table 1 Population in Megalopolitan Urbanized Areas (millions) Megalopolis Year Population Area Density Year Population Area Density 1950 24.5 3283 7315 1980 34.4 8390 4100 1960 29.4 5348 5285 1990 36.6 10185 3590 1970 34.0 7006 4768 2000 42.4 13490 3155 Note: Area in square miles. Figure 1 Evolution of Megalopolis, 1950–2000 Source: Map created by author, update of classic map by Browning (1974). 499
500 Megalopolis across utter jurisdictional complexity. In sum, the essence of the megalopolis is its intense “urbanness,” its high level of investment in transport and communication, and its capacity for renewal to maintain world economic and cultural preeminence. Gottmann later compared the U.S. megalopolis to other world megalopolitan systems and still later, in 1987, revisited Megalopolis in Megalopolis Revisited 25 Years Later. He was able to see the validation of his restructuring prediction and the incubator role of the megalopolis, and especially of New York. Yet, he notes as well the pace of deconcentration within the megalopolis. For urban and population geographers, a wonderful and valuable map was produced by Clyde Browning, in the University of North Carolina Studies in Geography, called “Population and Urbanized Area Growth in Megalopolis, 1950– 1970.” This was both a quality representation of the megalopolis and an updating of its expansion through 1970. Browning’s 1974 map was quite a large and detailed representation of the megalopolis, tracing its expansion to 1960 and to 1970. The monograph text was a thorough empirical and theoretical discussion of the magnitude and nature of change. Browning provides an overview of urbanized areas and of the megalopolis, and a statistical and graphic summary of the 1950-to-1970 change, noting that most cores had not coalesced and that the wider metropolitan region defined by Gottmann was still less than 20 percent urban territory. (See Figure 1 for an update of Browning’s map.) Megalopolis was further updated to 2000. The megalopolis now extends from Fredericksburg, south of Washington, D.C., to Portsmouth and Dover-Rochester, New Hampshire, and into southern Maine. The updated map depicts the further expansion of the nation’s largest conurbation, whose constituent parts housed 24.5 million people in 1950 and 42.4 million in 2000, with an additional 8 million in exurban surroundings, in all housing one sixth of the U.S. population. From Table 1, we can see that the population of the megalopolis has not quite doubled, but the total area has quadrupled, as mean densities have fallen from 7,315 to 3,155 people per square mile. Consider the first (1950) and last (2000) stages. In 1950, the megalopolis was actually a string of pearls, with Washington, Baltimore, Wilmington, Philadelphia, Trenton, New York, Bridgeport–New Haven, Hartford, Springfield, Providence, Worcester and Boston, Lowell and Lawrence—all distinct places, separated by some rural territory. These were the core urban places arising in the colonial period, exhibiting an extraordinary linearity, based partly on physical character (the head of navigation at the fall line) and partly on the situation, sea or river ports and early industrial centers, convenient for trade with Europe. By 1970, Wilmington-Philadelphia-Trenton were merged, as were Boston-Lowell-Lawrence, but perhaps surprising to many, no others, although there had been very significant suburbanization, especially around New York and Washington, D.C. New urbanized areas included Vineland, Danbury, Fitchburg, and Nashua. By 2000, a continuous urban settlement structure for megalopolis was almost realized, with a smaller Washington-Baltimore-Aberdeen to the south, a giant Wilmington to Springfield and Norwich in the center, with links to formerly independent places like Atlantic City, Allentown, Lancaster, York, Harrisburg, and Poughkeepsie and a northern area from Providence and Barnstable through Boston to Manchester, Portsmouth, and Dover-Rochester. New outlying urbanized areas, not yet quite connected, include Fredericksburg, Dover, Wildwood, Frederick, and Kingston. The map graphically captures the massive urban diffusion from early cores, the gradual coalescence of these expanding cores, and the rise of and reaching out to satellite places. Forces for Change in Megalopolis, 1950–2000 The second half of the twentieth century was an era of continuing metropolitan expansion in the United States. It is useful to summarize briefly the forces that produced these patterns of settlement change, even though this has been the subject of countless studies in several disciplines. In the case of the megalopolis the underlying set of cores has been established for a century or more. The settlement processes that have dominated in the last 50 years included (1) sheer economic and demographic growth, (2) physical decentralization in the form of suburbanization, (3) extension of metropolitan commuting fields and the physical coalescence of formerly physically separate areas, (4) rise of or restructuring and reaching out to formerly distant satellites, and (5) restructuring and revitalization of high-level metropolitan cores.
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Editorial Board Editor Ray Hutchiso
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Contents List of Entries vii Reader
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viii List of Entries Deindustrializ
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x List of Entries Spaces of Flows S
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xii Reader’s Guide Location Theor
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xiv Reader’s Guide Urban Transpor
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xvi Reader’s Guide Davis, Mike de
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xviii About the Editors Robert A. B
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xx Contributors Mary Ann Caws Gradu
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xxii Contributors Petra Kuppinger M
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xxiv Contributors Harold Takooshian
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xxvi Introduction United States or
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Acknowledgments The development of
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2 Advocacy Planning Steps were inst
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4 Advocacy Planning Table 1 Compari
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6 Affordable Housing Global Advocac
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8 Agora The Latin equivalent of ago
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10 Airports the Acropolis, the cent
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12 Airports powerful. The age of th
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14 Alinsky, Saul change and became
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16 Allegory of Good Government Ambr
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18 Almshouses are also safe to trav
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20 Amsterdam, the Netherlands chang
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22 Amsterdam, the Netherlands distr
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24 Ancient Cities more progressive
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26 Ancient Cities Mesoamerica Like
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28 Annexation In summary, the most
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30 Apartheid the growth of Los Ange
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32 Apartheid number of ethnic “na
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34 Arcade promoted order and contro
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36 Architecture Geist, Johann Fried
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38 Architecture states wanted to al
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40 Architecture important question
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42 Asian Cities many parts of Asia
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44 Athens, Greece way by strengthen
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46 Athens, Greece of myths and proc
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48 Athens, Greece life to archaeolo
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50 Athens, Greece in Attica, that h
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52 Banlieue Ba n l i e u e The banl
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54 Banlieue à loyer modéré). Fre
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56 Barcelona, Spain Las Ramblas—a
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58 Barcelona, Spain the Olympic Gam
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60 Barrio marginalized families wit
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62 Bazaar Hats on display at a baza
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64 Bazaar conventional assumptions
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66 Béguinage Beguinage Amsterdam i
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68 Benjamin, Walter fourteenth cent
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70 Berlin, Germany Writings on Film
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72 Berlin, Germany levels in London
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74 Berry, Brian J. L. 1981, he taug
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76 Bilbao, Spain levels as the city
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78 Bilbao, Spain In Bilbao, the mus
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80 Bohemian well-received stage ada
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82 Brasília, Brazil century, but i
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84 Broadacre City his ideal communi
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86 Bruges, Belgium political, and p
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88 Buenos Aires, Argentina Bruges i
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90 Buenos Aires, Argentina Autónom
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92 Bungalow the colonial bungalow w
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94 Buses Postmodern critics argue t
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96 Buses suburban road systems, and
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98 Cairo, Egypt conquered and settl
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100 Cairo, Egypt City already inclu
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102 Canberra, Australia Singerman,
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104 Capital City keen to divest its
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106 Capital City Table 1 Europe’s
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108 Capital City triumphalist monum
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110 Capitalist City Manchester mean
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112 Caravanserai The attention devo
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114 Castells, Manuel normally inclu
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116 Castells, Manuel viewed the sta
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118 Castells, Manuel Conclusion Acc
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120 Catastrophe system, as commuter
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122 Chicago, Illinois contrast, top
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124 Chicago, Illinois Steel were ki
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126 Chicago School of Urban Sociolo
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128 Chicago School of Urban Sociolo
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130 Childe, V. Gordon been self-sty
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132 Chinatowns Chinatown in London
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134 Chinatowns In many places, the
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136 Christopher Wren, plan for Lond
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138 Cinema (Movie House) films and
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140 Cinematic Urbanism environment
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142 Cinematic Urbanism 2. The essen
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144 Citizenship Table 1 Advantages
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146 Citizenship as a body politic (
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148 City and Film Ci t y a n d fi l
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150 City and Film shock as a decisi
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152 City Beautiful Movement interna
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154 City Beautiful Movement logical
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156 City Club of civic buildings an
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158 City of Memory See also Urban G
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160 City of Memory commemoration, m
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162 City Planning units. Today plan
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164 City Users other while they bot
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166 Colonial City dominated were cl
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168 Colonial City that the form of
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170 Common Interest Development Ros
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172 Community consciousness. Wherea
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174 Community social capital networ
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176 Community Development Co M M u
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178 Community Garden called this pr
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180 Community Organizing power. The
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182 Community Studies Engagement wi
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184 Community Studies A primary aim
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186 Convention Centers outside the
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188 Creative Class has also resulte
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190 Crime Rausch, Stephen and Cynth
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192 Crime increasing reason for the
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194 Cultural Heritage future genera
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196 Cultural Heritage region in Ind
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198 Cyburbia Street Seaport in New
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200 Cyburbia large number of weak n
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Da m a s c u s, sy r i a Capital of
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southwest of the city), and a signi
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characterization of the areas affec
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knowledges of practices elude the g
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36 percent over the same period. Th
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Modern-day Delhi Source: Steven K.
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Depression brought with it new capi
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globalizing capital and demographic
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normally in everyday life. Hence, d
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Imrie, Rob. 1996. Disability and th
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Discotheque and Resort Architecture
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the total number of displacees in t
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(Antifaschistische Schutzmauer). At
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interior was vast. Its 8-meter wall
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policies that would shift costs and
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Downtown Revitalization An attempt
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with producers. Trafficking routes,
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Dorn, N., K. Murji, and N. South. 1
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egard for cultural advancement, tog
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242 Edge City distinguished by a nu
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244 Environmental Justice such as t
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246 Environmental Justice justice,
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248 Environmental Policy air qualit
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250 Environmental Psychology En v i
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252 Environmental Psychology locate
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254 Environmental Psychology healin
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256 Ethnic Enclave civic organizati
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258 Ethnic Entrepreneurship social
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260 Exclusionary Zoning an industri
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262 Exopolis Soja describes decentr
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Fa c t o r i a l Ec o l o g y Facto
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of supply and demand by creating su
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Favelas’ Spatial and Social Featu
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premonition, considered them a majo
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over the city by eliminating povert
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the city projects to the world. Fou
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of authority on the skyline, counte
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Further Readings Dameron, George W.
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statelessness. The 2007 Declaration
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Other things being equal, each firm
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286 Garden City Americans. Gans sho
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288 Garden City Association (in 194
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290 Gated Community A gated communi
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292 Gay Space much more than the ph
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294 Geddes, Patrick Forth Valley re
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296 Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft G
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298 Gendered Space These are upheld
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300 Gendered Space the nature of ge
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302 Gender Equity Planning most pro
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304 General Plan social work, those
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306 Gentrification after World War
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308 Gentrification reasonably self-
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310 Ghetto African American communi
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312 Ghetto Denoting African America
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314 Global City impact of global fo
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316 Globalization globalization has
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318 Globalization Some cities have
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320 Gottdiener, Mark research focus
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322 Gottdiener, Mark 5. Both social
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324 Governance Understanding this s
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326 Graffiti Further Readings Davie
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328 Graffiti writers seeking fame (
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330 Growth Machine among the city s
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332 Growth Machine Urban Fortunes),
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334 Growth Management state governm
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336 Growth Poles Szold, Terry S. an
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Ha l f w a y Ho u s e A halfway hou
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In 2005, Hall won the “Balzan Awa
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and social class segregation follow
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drinking water. Haussmann gave orde
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manuscript was lost in a fire, and
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in his 1989 masterpiece of paleo-ep
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See also Sustainable Development; U
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Heritage City The historic center o
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spaces surrounding it. However, the
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highlife artist Gyedu-Blay Ambolley
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many cities in the world that conce
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ut this condition of serving multip
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A homeless youth on the streets of
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Kusmer, K. 2002. “Down and Out.
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maturity, until the loan is repaid.
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has been a federal priority since t
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above the 14th floor than anywhere
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Hotel, Motel This contemporary hote
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Jakle, J. A., K. A. Sculle, and J.
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afford housing has been hampered by
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the amenities are of a quite differ
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y setting frameworks for financial
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differences between countries. Furt
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Traditional Approaches Associated w
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See also Chicago School of Urban So
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390 Ideal City imposing the same se
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392 Informational City Nevertheless
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394 Informational City community an
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396 Intellectuals The concept of in
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398 Intellectuals change has occurr
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400 Isard, Walter theory and method
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402 Islamic City takes inspiration
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404 Islamic City Muslim cities. How
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406 Istanbul, Turkey flow of immigr
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408 Istanbul, Turkey the other end
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410 Istanbul, Turkey See also Bazaa
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412 Jacobs, Jane Further Readings J
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414 Jacobs, Jane Settling into the
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416 Journey to Work Throughout her
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418 Journey to Work These results s
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420 Kolkata (Calcutta), India Furth
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422 Kracauer, Siegfried “politica
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424 Kracauer, Siegfried operettas a
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La g o s , Nigeria The modern city
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protractedness of litigation over l
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evolved in response to urbanization
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inherent to capitalism also remakes
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land trusts are nonprofit organizat
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Las Vegas at night, from the top of
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postmodern urban design theory. One
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A well-maintained lawn in front of
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of the potential dangers of repeate
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this time that he read the works of
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See also Architecture; Brasília, B
Page 478 and 479: When these production relations are
Page 480 and 481: This worldwide urban society will b
Page 482 and 483: Structures of local government can
Page 484 and 485: local governments often played impo
Page 486 and 487: Weber, A. 1929. Theory of the Locat
Page 488 and 489: esidences to meet specific conditio
Page 490 and 491: An Economy Transformed The key to u
Page 492 and 493: when a property became vacant and o
Page 494 and 495: Angeles is the second-largest city
Page 496 and 497: iots were sparked across the city a
Page 498 and 499: the University of Southern Californ
Page 500 and 501: (HOAs), which provided residents wi
Page 502 and 503: In 1936, Lösch’s Rockefeller fel
Page 504 and 505: Technology, where he taught for mor
Page 506 and 507: contribution was particularly signi
Page 508: writings and projects involved coll
Page 511 and 512: 482 Manchester, United Kingdom desc
Page 513 and 514: 484 Manila, Philippines with its pr
Page 515 and 516: 486 Marxism and the City clothes. E
Page 517 and 518: 488 Marxism and the City alongside
Page 519 and 520: 490 Medieval Town Design expansion
Page 521 and 522: 492 Medieval Town Design 0 0 0 0 N
Page 523 and 524: 494 Mediterranean Cities the fifth
Page 525 and 526: 496 Mediterranean Cities Popular su
Page 527: 498 Megalopolis Horden, P. and N. P
Page 531 and 532: 502 Metropolis River delta (greater
Page 533 and 534: 504 Metropolitan Further Readings E
Page 535 and 536: 506 Metropolitan Governance Metropo
Page 537 and 538: 508 Metropolitan Governance Despite
Page 539 and 540: 510 Metropolitan Region some locate
Page 541 and 542: 512 Mexico City, Mexico part of the
Page 543 and 544: 514 Mexico City, Mexico The Conserv
Page 545 and 546: 516 Mexico City, Mexico are chemica
Page 547 and 548: 518 Moscow, Russian Federation Desp
Page 549 and 550: 520 Moscow, Russian Federation Trip
Page 551 and 552: 522 Moses, Robert His civil service
Page 553 and 554: 524 Moses, Robert Neck Bridge (1961
Page 555 and 556: 526 Multicultural Cities Concepts i
Page 557 and 558: 528 Multicultural Cities integratio
Page 559 and 560: 530 Mumbai (Bombay), India See also
Page 561 and 562: 532 Mumford, Lewis Shanghai by 2013
Page 563 and 564: 534 Mumford, Lewis place,” and he
Page 565 and 566: 536 Museums posited an even bleaker
Page 567 and 568: 538 Museums order through symmetry
Page 570 and 571: Na t i o N a l Ur b a N le a g U e
Page 572 and 573: city planner and landscape architec
Page 574 and 575: in terms of architectural features.
Page 576 and 577: most significant example of an aggl
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America in the 1980s. It advocates
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developed Katrina cottages—a new,
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Further Readings Calthorpe, P. 1992
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of urban space and uneven developme
Page 586 and 587:
volumes (social impact, politics of
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Roosevelt on a card left at Riis’
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ooted in free trade, open markets,
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esidential areas stir before settli
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went on, improving the urban fabric
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and its instrumental rationality. T
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Non-places are mediated spaces that
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Modern scientific Anglo-American to
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the city, urban forms, and urban ec
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Ot h e r Gl O b a l Cities The conc
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exceptionality of the space in rela
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Pa r i s, Fr a n c e Paris has alwa
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metro stretched north to south (fro
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Regents Park in London Source: Kare
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as social as well as physical envir
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ing model), this modernist metropol
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form. Selfstyled the new urbanism
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“Teaching the Young Idea,” phot
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1917. These photographs provide a v
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important than ever, but with the w
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of the Law of the Indies issued by
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at the square sipping a cappuccino,
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not deter urban elites, including t
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community centers, gardens, and oth
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underlies planning can be seen as p
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Flyvbjerg, Bent. 1998. Rationality
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twentieth century also weakened mac
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unions, and middleclass residents
Page 642 and 643:
Further References Clavel, Pierre.
Page 644 and 645:
Sculpture in the Anhui Garden cultu
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practice of artistdesigned street
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PU b l i c aU t h o r i t i e s Pub
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as diverse as informal cooperation
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practices. The fear that partnershi
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individuals’ beliefs and behavior
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in a similar way. Individual identi
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630 Racialization planners, suburba
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632 Railroad Station A railroad sta
Page 663 and 664:
634 Railroad Station The St. Pancra
Page 665 and 666:
636 Real Estate Re a l eS t a t e R
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638 Red-Light District global and l
Page 669 and 670:
640 Red-Light District characterize
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642 Redlining clubs, and DVD/video
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644 Regime Theory elected officials
Page 675 and 676:
646 Regional Governance Lauria, Mic
Page 677 and 678:
648 Regional Governance motivate re
Page 679 and 680:
650 Regional Planning economic grow
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652 Regional Planning the labor mar
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654 Renaissance City For fourteenth
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656 Renaissance City Brunelleschi a
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658 Rent Control Re n t co n t R o
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660 Rent Theory its understanding o
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662 Resort Whistler, British Columb
Page 693 and 694:
664 Resort could be applied to a ra
Page 695 and 696:
666 Revanchist City Revanchists (fr
Page 697 and 698:
668 Right to the City way of living
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670 Right to the City (albeit a cru
Page 701 and 702:
672 Riis, Jacob Manhattan news agen
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674 Rome, Italy ———. 1902. Th
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676 Rome, Italy populace abandoned
Page 707 and 708:
678 Rome, Italy inhabitants, and th
Page 709 and 710:
680 Santa Fe, New Mexico Santuario
Page 711 and 712:
682 Santiago de Compostela, Spain a
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684 São Paulo, Brazil both a signi
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686 São Paulo, Brazil But although
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688 Savannah, Georgia within the na
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690 Savannah, Georgia Savannah, the
Page 721 and 722:
692 Sert, Josep Lluís The founding
Page 723 and 724:
694 Sert, Josep Lluís to make it i
Page 725 and 726:
696 Sewer sewer and define its plac
Page 727 and 728:
698 Sex and the City city had to of
Page 729 and 730:
700 Sex Industry Browne, K., J. Lim
Page 731 and 732:
702 Sex Industry (and, by implicati
Page 733 and 734:
704 Shanghai, China Further Reading
Page 735 and 736:
706 Shanghai, China be a Chinese ve
Page 737 and 738:
708 Shophouse and cities in Southea
Page 739 and 740:
710 Shopping develop cultural capit
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712 Shopping Center Technology pose
Page 743 and 744:
714 Shopping Center Factory outlets
Page 745 and 746:
716 SimCity occurs at the discretio
Page 747 and 748:
718 Simmel, Georg in January 1885,
Page 749 and 750:
720 Simmel, Georg delivery person,
Page 751 and 752:
722 Simulacra simulacrum lies in it
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724 Singapore trade. In demographic
Page 755 and 756:
726 Situationist City bazaar econom
Page 757 and 758:
728 Skateboarding in other media bo
Page 759 and 760:
730 Skateboarding Media Exposure an
Page 761 and 762:
732 Social Exclusion programs. The
Page 763 and 764:
734 Social Exclusion study the econ
Page 765 and 766:
736 Social Housing Social housing f
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738 Social Movements The subsidy ha
Page 769 and 770:
740 Social Movements creating space
Page 771 and 772:
742 Social Production of Space poli
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744 Social Production of Space accu
Page 775 and 776:
746 Social Production of Space The
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748 Social Space the geographical t
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750 Social Space axes. Le perçu, o
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752 Society of the Spectacle agents
Page 783 and 784:
754 Soja, Edward W. the attacks on
Page 785 and 786:
756 Spaces of Difference Sp a c e S
Page 787 and 788:
758 Spaces of Difference these area
Page 789 and 790:
760 Spaces of Flows people, to new
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762 Sports Stadiums Sp o r t S St a
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764 Sports Stadiums stadiums as anc
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766 Sprawl and economic stability (
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768 Sprawl increased considerably.
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770 Squatter Movements has often be
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772 Stranger approaching a new grou
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774 Streetcars that this silent “
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776 Street Children See also Buses;
Page 807 and 808:
778 Street Children most countries
Page 809 and 810:
780 Suburbanization has been a feat
Page 811 and 812:
782 Suburbanization this, suburbani
Page 813 and 814:
784 Subway Bruegmann has argued, so
Page 815 and 816:
786 Surveillance mobile privatizati
Page 817 and 818:
788 Surveillance and in public spac
Page 819 and 820:
790 Sustainable Development implica
Page 821 and 822:
792 Sustainable Development Institu
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794 Sustainable Development by 2015
Page 825 and 826:
796 Technoburbs The urban historian
Page 827 and 828:
798 Technoburbs Silicon Alley, a ne
Page 829 and 830:
800 Technopoles as well. Management
Page 831 and 832:
802 Tenement therefore, met with re
Page 833 and 834:
804 Tenement rooms at the back had
Page 835 and 836:
806 Themed Environments Theming has
Page 837 and 838:
808 Themed Environments parks in th
Page 839 and 840:
810 Time Geography (the so-called f
Page 841 and 842:
812 Toilets The industrialization,
Page 843 and 844:
814 Tokyo, Japan century. State-led
Page 845 and 846:
816 Tokyo, Japan and video games. T
Page 847 and 848:
818 Tourism Further Readings Fujita
Page 849 and 850:
820 Tourism of Cancun, Las Vegas, a
Page 851 and 852:
822 Transit-Oriented Development Ki
Page 853 and 854:
824 Transit-Oriented Development di
Page 855 and 856:
826 Transportation Growth in automo
Page 857 and 858:
828 Transportation Planning that tr
Page 859 and 860:
830 Transportation Planning realiza
Page 861 and 862:
832 Transportation Planning schemes
Page 863 and 864:
834 Uneven Development few while im
Page 865 and 866:
836 Urban dynamic and contradictory
Page 867 and 868:
838 Urban Agglomeration Lewis Mumfo
Page 869 and 870:
840 Urban Anthropology designed to
Page 871 and 872:
842 Urban Anthropology sweeping psy
Page 873 and 874:
844 Urban Anthropology involvement
Page 875 and 876:
846 Urban Archaeology Nation Buildi
Page 877 and 878:
848 Urban Climate Urban archaeology
Page 879 and 880:
850 Urban Climate (three-dimensiona
Page 881 and 882:
852 Urban Climate Table 2 Factors T
Page 883 and 884:
854 Urban Crisis Ur b a n crisis Th
Page 885 and 886:
856 Urban Culture Seligman, Amanda
Page 887 and 888:
858 Urban Culture Attention has als
Page 889 and 890:
860 Urban Design weakness for the c
Page 891 and 892:
862 Urban Ecology (Chicago School)
Page 893 and 894:
864 Urban Ecology (Chicago School)
Page 895 and 896:
866 Urban Economics density of the
Page 897 and 898:
868 Urban Entertainment Destination
Page 899 and 900:
870 Urban Entertainment Destination
Page 901 and 902:
872 Urban Geography economies, envi
Page 903 and 904:
874 Urban Geography geography has f
Page 905 and 906:
876 Urban Health significant contri
Page 907 and 908:
878 Urban Health The Built Environm
Page 909 and 910:
880 Urban History See also Sustaina
Page 911 and 912:
882 Urban History conurbation, and
Page 913 and 914:
884 Urbanism and cultural transform
Page 915 and 916:
886 Urbanization transition, or the
Page 917 and 918:
888 Urbanization Table 1 Largest Ci
Page 919 and 920:
890 Urban League Neuwirth, Robert.
Page 921 and 922:
892 Urban Life the Regional Plannin
Page 923 and 924:
894 Urban Morphology systems. A thi
Page 925 and 926:
896 Urban Morphology we must envisa
Page 927 and 928:
898 Urban Morphology connected urba
Page 929 and 930:
900 Urban Novel Shifts in Academic
Page 931 and 932:
902 Urban Novel modernity has both
Page 933 and 934:
904 Urban Planning built environmen
Page 935 and 936:
906 Urban Planning values should be
Page 937 and 938:
908 Urban Policy areas, and it rein
Page 939 and 940:
910 Urban Policy creation of gated
Page 941 and 942:
912 Urban Politics severely constra
Page 943 and 944:
914 Urban Psychology Between 1940 a
Page 945 and 946:
916 Urban Psychology Contrast With
Page 947 and 948:
918 Urban Semiotics culture is an u
Page 949 and 950:
920 Urban Semiotics throughout the
Page 951 and 952:
922 Urban Sociology Benjamin, Walte
Page 953 and 954:
924 Urban Sociology interests and l
Page 955 and 956:
926 Urban Sociology windows” line
Page 957 and 958:
928 Urban Space automobile age. Cit
Page 959 and 960:
930 Urban Studies meanings ascribed
Page 961 and 962:
932 Urban Studies they set up the U
Page 963 and 964:
934 Urban Studies CEDDU (El Centro
Page 965 and 966:
936 Urban System and uncertainties.
Page 967 and 968:
938 Urban System well documented. T
Page 969 and 970:
940 Urban Theory which social actio
Page 971 and 972:
942 Urban Theory embrace very diffe
Page 973 and 974:
944 Urban Village of Italian Americ
Page 975 and 976:
946 Utopia living, from formal plan
Page 977 and 978:
948 Utopia This indicates the need
Page 980 and 981:
Ve n i c e, it a l y Venice provide
Page 982 and 983:
encode specific relations and notio
Page 984 and 985:
legality), throng many main thoroug
Page 986 and 987:
Wa l k i n g Ci t y The relationshi
Page 988 and 989:
and cultural landscapes, practices,
Page 990 and 991:
in the United States. The cause cé
Page 992 and 993:
around efficiency and waste minimiz
Page 994 and 995:
Then from 1981 to 2004, poverty dec
Page 996 and 997:
London, Paris, Randstad (Holland),
Page 998 and 999:
concerns, fill gaps in the scholars
Page 1000 and 1001:
world economy comprised of core, se
Page 1002 and 1003:
Chase-Dunn, Christopher and Thomas
Page 1004:
The Crown’s interest in reforming
Page 1007 and 1008:
978 Zoöpolis as they impact humans
Page 1009 and 1010:
980 Zoöpolis ephemeral nature of s
Page 1011 and 1012:
982 Index Ahwahnee Principles, 2:55
Page 1013 and 1014:
984 Index interwar, 1:48-49 neoclas
Page 1015 and 1016:
986 Index Blist’s Hill Victorian
Page 1017 and 1018:
988 Index primate city, 2:609 Rome,
Page 1019 and 1020:
990 Index Cinema (movie house), 1:1
Page 1021 and 1022:
992 Index Communitarianism, 1:174 C
Page 1023 and 1024:
994 Index multicentered metropolita
Page 1025 and 1026:
996 Index Lösch on, 1:472-474 Mexi
Page 1027 and 1028:
998 Index Farmers Market, Los Angel
Page 1029 and 1030:
1000 Index global rise of, 1:289-29
Page 1031 and 1032:
1002 Index Gorsem, E., 2:664 Gotham
Page 1033 and 1034:
1004 Index Historic Ordinance of 19
Page 1035 and 1036:
1006 Index suburbanization, 2:783 s
Page 1037 and 1038:
1008 Index Jolson, Al, 1:149 Jones,
Page 1039 and 1040:
1010 Index Sert and, 2:692-693 Tsen
Page 1041 and 1042:
1012 Index Maastricht Treaty, 1:58,
Page 1043 and 1044:
1014 Index economy, 1:515-516 envir
Page 1045 and 1046:
1016 Index National Roundtable of t
Page 1047 and 1048:
1018 Index Olympic Games Athens, 1:
Page 1049 and 1050:
1020 Index gender equity planning,
Page 1051 and 1052:
1022 Index Public art, 2:613-618 an
Page 1053 and 1054:
1024 Index Revolution. See also Fre
Page 1055 and 1056:
1026 Index Moscow, 1:519 railroad s
Page 1057 and 1058:
1028 Index gated communities, 1:289
Page 1059 and 1060:
1030 Index Strand, Paul, Manhatta (
Page 1061 and 1062:
1032 Index Time cities and, 1:159 c
Page 1063 and 1064:
1034 Index Uptowns, 1:242 Uqba b. N
Page 1065 and 1066:
1036 Index Urban social movements,
Page 1067 and 1068:
1038 Index Wilson, Elizabeth, 2:958
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