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78 Table 4. Test statistics of the TAR and M-TAR models. NATIONALØKONOMISK TIDSSKRIFT 2005. NR. 1 Denmark Norway Sweden TAR M-TAR TAR M-TAR TAR M-TAR 1 -0.015 -0.013 -0.027 0.051 -0.050 0.001 2 -0.011 -0.012 -0.088 -0.081 -0.101 -0.182 Lags(p) 0 0 0 0 2 3 0.517 – 2.969 – 3.015 – * – 0.509 – 2.581 – 6.853 * Note: Critical values for and * reported in Enders and Granger (1998), with corrections in Enders (2001). An * indicates a significant test-statistic at least at the 5 per cent level of significance. concern history, culture, languages and lifestyles they do in fact differ with respect to drinking habits and alcohol and wine consumption levels. The conclusion from the correlation analysis between growth rates of income and alcohol consumption points in the direction of a strong positive relationship. Moreover, in the short run there is a pro-cyclical pattern for the overall consumption of alcohol as well as for the specific alcoholic beverages of beer, wine and spirits. Using an autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL) the short-run income elasticities are also found to be relatively high, especially for Norway and Sweden, again suggesting a strongly pro-cyclical alcohol consumption pattern. The outcomes of the analysis of estimating the ARDL models indicate that the long-run elasticity between the growth rates of income and alcohol consumption will be zero for all three countries. The analysis also deals with the question of whether alcohol consumption in the long run can be considered as a mean reversion process or as a pure random walk. Using the TAR-model (threshold autoregressive model) and M-TAR-model (Momentum TAR) the results suggest that alcohol consumption in Sweden can be described as an asymmetric adjustment process with a linear attractor given by the average level of alcohol consumption for the whole-sample period 1861- 2002. However, alcohol consumption in Denmark and Norway exhibit more evidence of pure random walk behaviour. References Anderson, K., ed. 2004. The World’s Wine Markets. Globalization at Work. Edward Elgar, London. Bentzen, J., N. Nannerup and V. Smith. 1997. Alcohol consumption and drunken driving in the Scandinavian countries. Working Paper 97-1, Department of Economics, The Aarhus School of Business. Bentzen, J. and V. Smith. 2004. Wine in the Nordic countries: Historical and recent trends in the development of wine consumption, prices and taxation. In: Anderson, K., ed. (2004): The World’s Wine Markets. Globalization at Work. Edward Elgar, London. Enders, W. and C. W. J. Granger. 1998. Unit-
THE CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOL IN THE SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES 79 Root Tests and Asymmetric Adjustment With an Example Using the Term Structure of Interest rates. Journal of Business & Economics Statistics, 16 (3), s. 304-11. Enders, W. 2001. Improved critical values for the Enders-Granger unit-root test. Applied Economics Letters, 8, s. 257-61. Enders, W. and P. L. Siklos. 2001. Cointegration and Threshold Adjustment. Journal of Business & Economics Statistics, 19(2), s. 166-76. Greenfield, T. K. and W. C. Kerr. 2003. Tracking Alcohol Consumption Over Time. Epidemiology in Alcohol Research, 27, s. 30-38. Nordlund, S. 1996. Rusmiddelbruk i Norge. Norsk Epidemiologi, 6, s. 3-12. MacKinnon, J. G. 1991. Critical values for cointegration tests. In Engle, R.F. & Granger, C. W. J. Long-run Economic Relationships. Oxford Economic Press. Milhøj, A. 1993. Virkningen af afgiftsnedsættelser på øl- og vinsalget i Danmark. Nordisk Alkohol Tidsskrift, 10, s. 319-29. Milhøj, A. 1995. Udviklingen i danske familiers øl- og vinkøb 1990-1993. Nordisk Alkohol Tidsskrift, 12, s. 181-93.
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Nationaløkonomisk Tidsskrift 143 (
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OM LÆREPLADSSPØRGSMÅLET 3 serier
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OM LÆREPLADSSPØRGSMÅLET 5 90000
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OM LÆREPLADSSPØRGSMÅLET 7 0,60 0
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OM LÆREPLADSSPØRGSMÅLET 9 givet
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OM LÆREPLADSSPØRGSMÅLET 11 over
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OM LÆREPLADSSPØRGSMÅLET 13 angiv
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OM LÆREPLADSSPØRGSMÅLET 15 Dette
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OM LÆREPLADSSPØRGSMÅLET 17 Tabel
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OM LÆREPLADSSPØRGSMÅLET 19 hverv
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OM LÆREPLADSSPØRGSMÅLET 21 Ikke
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OM LÆREPLADSSPØRGSMÅLET 23 didat
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OM LÆREPLADSSPØRGSMÅLET 25 Litte
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128 NATIONALØKONOMISK TIDSSKRIFT 2
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132 Det fremgår, at minimering af
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136 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 1986 1988 1
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138 Ymax Fmax Flag NATIONALØKONOMI
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142 1,50 1,25 1,00 0,75 0,50 0,25 N
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146 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 Filtrerede
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150 Dahl, C., H. Hansen og J. Smidt
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152 Autoregressiv model. (Ymax = 4)
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154 25 20 15 10 5 Official discount
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160 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5 Figure 3. Re
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162 ry of monetary regimes - some l
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164 Table A.1. Danish interest rate
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166 continued ... NATIONALØKONOMIS
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172 Average UIB rate pr. year 100 9
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180 Per cent 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5
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182 Table 2. Trend adjusted differe
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186 den, Finland, Austria, Germany,
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188 continued ... NATIONALØKONOMIS
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190 1.000 kr 150 100 50 0 -50 -100
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196 Forsørgerkvote 150 140 130 120
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202 Timer 2200 2000 1800 1600 1400
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204 Pct. af BNP 5 0 2001 2011 2021
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206 Pct. 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2
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210 Procent af BNP 8 4 0 2001 2021
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212 Pct. 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2
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236 Bundskatteprocent 5,5 Figur 1.
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242 1999. Scandinavian Economic His
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278 Pct. 0,20 0,15 0,10 0,05 0,00 -
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298 rapport, København. Velfærdsk
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314 hold til individuelle handelspa
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316 ters, and a comprehensive cover
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318 tations. An understanding of th
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LABOR SUPPLY BEHAVIOR AND THE DESIG
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WHAT AFFECTS STUDENTS’ PERFORMANC
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SKATTEKONKURRENCE OG ØKONOMISK GEO
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TWO TESTS OF DIVORCE BEHAVIOUR ON D
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BOGANMELDELSE 449 Første del er en
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