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Untypical frequencies in translated language 93 2000 1830 1849 1500 1000 500 1107 TE-texts TR-texts OF-texts 0 Figure 4. Frequencies of temporal constructions As to the time relation, there are certain differences between translations from English and Russian. The temporal construction which is used when the action referred to is simultaneous with that of the main clause is clearly overrepresented in translations from English, but the type used when the action has taken place earlier is used less in them than in original texts. In translations from Russian both types are used more than in texts originally produced in Finnish (Figures 5 and 6). 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1557 1145 762 TE-texts TR-texts OF-texts Figure 5. Frequencies of temporal constructions in the present tense 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 273 704 345 TE-texts TR-texts OF-texts Figure 6. Frequencies of temporal constructions in the past tense
94 Sari Eskola Different tendencies in texts translated from English and Russian may be influenced by actual frequencies of these theoretically possible constructions in these source languages. My own hunch is that past-tense gerunds are really common in the Russian language and more common than in English. The problem is the lack of evidence of real typicality of these verb forms in these two languages. As I already stated earlier, our intuition as to what is possible in a language is much more reliable than our intuition as to what is typical in it (see also Sinclair 1991:39; Mauranen 2000:138), and in this respect empirical results about the actual use of these structures in English and Russian are needed before any final statements can be made. There is one interesting marked difference in the use of temporal constructions that concerns word order. In Finnish quite a free choice is available with respect to the position of the qualifiers of the temporal construction (although there are certain restrictions not specified here). For example in autoa pestessään (word for word translation: ‘the car washing POSS.SUFF.’) the qualifier is in front position and in pestessään autoa (word for word translation: ‘washing POSS. SUFF. the car’) it is in back position. As Table 4 indicates, in original Finnish texts qualifiers tend to be in front position more often than in translations. It is a well-known fact that in Russian gerund-structures and in English ing-participles, qualifiers are almost always (object without exception) in back position. This might influence the word order in translations. Table 4. Position of qualifiers in temporal constructions with a possessive suffix Front position Back position f % f % TE-texts N = 1112 285 25.6 827 74.4 TR-texts N = 1297 298 23.0 999 77.0 OF-texts N = 580 319 55.0 261 45.0 3.2.3 The final construction The final construction is used to express the idea of aim or purpose. On the whole it is used in Finnish much less than referative and temporal constructions. Unlike the referative construction it has a clear straightforward equivalent in both Russian and English. The difference between these languages is that Finnish allows a choice between non-finite and finite forms and Russian and English most typically use non-finite forms (7).
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Translation Universals
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Translation Universals Do they exis
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Table of contents Introduction 1 I.
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Introduction The search for univers
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Introduction 3 the main methodologi
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Introduction 5 tious corpus would w
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Introduction 7 of several frequent
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Introduction 9 For many, the term u
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Introduction 11 Toury, Gideon (1991
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Probabilistic explanations in trans
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Beyond the particular* Andrew Chest
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Beyond the particular 35 6. A trans
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Beyond the particular 37 characteri
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Beyond the particular 39 Contributi
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Beyond the particular 41 A crucial
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Page 54 and 55: Beyond the particular 47 What we ne
Page 56: Beyond the particular 49 Schulte, R
Page 59 and 60: 52 Silvia Bernardini and Federico Z
Page 72 and 73: Corpora, universals and interferenc
Page 90 and 91: Untypical frequencies in translated
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Page 109 and 110: 102 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Mauranen (
Page 111 and 112: 104 Jarmo Harri Jantunen 2.2 Lexica
Page 113 and 114: 106 Jarmo Harri Jantunen eighth day
Page 115 and 116: 108 Jarmo Harri Jantunen second pha
Page 117 and 118: 110 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Figure 2.
Page 119 and 120: 112 Jarmo Harri Jantunen synonymous
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Page 125 and 126: 118 Jarmo Harri Jantunen translatio
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Page 129 and 130: 122 Jarmo Harri Jantunen However, t
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Page 133 and 134: 126 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Mauranen,
Page 136 and 137: Translation-specific lexicogrammar?
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144 Vilma Pápai It is in the last
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146 Vilma Pápai Table 1. Summary o
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148 Vilma Pápai (Sinclair 1991:13-
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150 Vilma Pápai Table 2. Summary o
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152 Vilma Pápai 4.1.2 Shifts on th
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154 Vilma Pápai part of speech and
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156 Vilma Pápai his former prison
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158 Vilma Pápai Table 4. Frequency
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160 Vilma Pápai In addition, consi
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162 Vilma Pápai PA Porter, A. 1997
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164 Vilma Pápai Ishikawa, Luli (19
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166 Tiina Puurtinen (1996) and Bake
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168 Tiina Puurtinen (1) Hän katsoi
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170 Tiina Puurtinen conditional: jo
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172 Tiina Puurtinen Table 2. Occurr
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174 Tiina Puurtinen (5) Lisko voisi
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176 Tiina Puurtinen Mauranen, Anna
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178 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit equivale
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180 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit Table 1.
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182 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit do not t
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184 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit Östman,
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What happens to “unique items”
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“Unique items” in learners’ t
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The fate of “The Families of Mede
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Thefateof“TheFamiliesofMedellín
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Author index A Adab 1 Aijmer 131 Al
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Author index 217 Schäffner 1, 38,
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220 Subject index G generalization
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In the BENJAMINS TRANSLATION LIBRAR
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47. SAWYER, David B.: Fundamental A
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