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Unique items – over- or under-represented? 183 unique elements tend to be less frequent also in published translations than in original writing. 5. Conclusion The reasons why the unique linguistic phenomena tend to be under-represented in translated language may be found in a (potentially universal) tendency of the translating process to proceed literally to a certain extent. This means that the translator picks out lexical items, syntactic patterns and idiomatic expressions from his bilingual mental dictionary, and this is what happens. The has enough pattern tends to generate the on tarpeeksi pattern and the connectors also, thus, and others tend to generate connectors myös, niinpä etc. Since the verbs and the particles discussed here do not have linguistic counterparts, they do not appear in the bilingual mental dictionary and there is nothing in the source text that would trigger them off as immediate equivalents. Thus they have a slighter chance to be chosen into the target text than they have of appearing in texts that are produced in the original. Note 1. The verbs are introduced in their third person singular forms. Thus ehtii can be glossed as ‘has enough time to. . .’ or ‘is early enough’. References Eskola, Sari. (this volume). Untypical Frequencies in Translated Language: A Corpus-Based Study on a Literary Corpus of Translated and Non-Translated Finnish. In A. Mauranen & P. Kujamäki (Eds.), Translation Universals – Do They Exist? Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Flint, Aili (1980). Semantic Structure in the Finnish Lexicon: Verbs of Possibility and Sufficiency. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. Güttinger, Fritz (1963). Zielsprache: Theorie und Technik des Übersetzens. Zürich: Manesse Verlag. Hakulinen, Auli (1976). Liitepartikkelin -han/-hän syntaksia ja pragmatiikkaa [On the syntax and pragmatics of the clitic particle -hAn]. Meddelanden från Åbo Akademi Forskningsinstitut, 7, 1–60. Östman, Jan-Ola (1981). ‘You know’: A discourse-functional approach [Pragmatics and Beyond II: 7]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
184 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit Östman, Jan-Ola (1995). Pragmatic particles twenty years after. In B. Wårvik, S. K. Tanskanen, & R. Hiltunen (Eds.), Organization in Discourse. Proceedings from the Turku Conference (pp. 95–108). Turku: University of Turku. Mauranen, Anna (1998). Käännössuomi ja kääntämisen universaalit: tutkimus korpusaineistolla [Translated Finnish and Translation Universals: A Corpus Study]. Project research plan, MS. Savonlinna School of Translation Studies. Reiss, Katharina (1971). Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Übersetzungskritik. Munich: Max Hueber. Shlesinger, Miriam (1992). Lexicalisation in translation: An empirical study of students’ progress. In C. Dollerup & A. Loddegaard (Eds.), Teaching Translation and Interpreting. Training, Talent and Experience (pp. 123–127). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Tirkkonen-Condit, Sonja (1998/2002). Translationese, a myth or an empirical fact? A study into the linguistic identifiability of translated language. Paper read at The 24th University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Linguistics Symposium, September 10–12, 1998. Target, 14(2), 207–220. Toury, Gideon (1995). Descriptive Translation Studies and beyond. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
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Translation Universals
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Translation Universals Do they exis
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Table of contents Introduction 1 I.
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Introduction The search for univers
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Introduction 3 the main methodologi
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Introduction 5 tious corpus would w
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Introduction 7 of several frequent
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Introduction 9 For many, the term u
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Introduction 11 Toury, Gideon (1991
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Probabilistic explanations in trans
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Beyond the particular* Andrew Chest
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Beyond the particular 35 6. A trans
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Beyond the particular 37 characteri
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Beyond the particular 39 Contributi
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Beyond the particular 41 A crucial
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Beyond the particular 43 representa
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Beyond the particular 45 or unclear
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Beyond the particular 47 What we ne
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Beyond the particular 49 Schulte, R
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52 Silvia Bernardini and Federico Z
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Corpora, universals and interferenc
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Untypical frequencies in translated
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102 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Mauranen (
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104 Jarmo Harri Jantunen 2.2 Lexica
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106 Jarmo Harri Jantunen eighth day
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108 Jarmo Harri Jantunen second pha
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110 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Figure 2.
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112 Jarmo Harri Jantunen synonymous
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114 Jarmo Harri Jantunen items comp
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116 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Table 4. T
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118 Jarmo Harri Jantunen translatio
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120 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Table 7. T
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122 Jarmo Harri Jantunen However, t
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124 Jarmo Harri Jantunen 13. The bo
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126 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Mauranen,
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Translation-specific lexicogrammar?
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Translation-specific lexicogrammar?
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Page 151 and 152: 144 Vilma Pápai It is in the last
Page 153 and 154: 146 Vilma Pápai Table 1. Summary o
Page 155 and 156: 148 Vilma Pápai (Sinclair 1991:13-
Page 157 and 158: 150 Vilma Pápai Table 2. Summary o
Page 159 and 160: 152 Vilma Pápai 4.1.2 Shifts on th
Page 161 and 162: 154 Vilma Pápai part of speech and
Page 163 and 164: 156 Vilma Pápai his former prison
Page 165 and 166: 158 Vilma Pápai Table 4. Frequency
Page 167 and 168: 160 Vilma Pápai In addition, consi
Page 169 and 170: 162 Vilma Pápai PA Porter, A. 1997
Page 171 and 172: 164 Vilma Pápai Ishikawa, Luli (19
Page 173 and 174: 166 Tiina Puurtinen (1996) and Bake
Page 175 and 176: 168 Tiina Puurtinen (1) Hän katsoi
Page 177 and 178: 170 Tiina Puurtinen conditional: jo
Page 179 and 180: 172 Tiina Puurtinen Table 2. Occurr
Page 181 and 182: 174 Tiina Puurtinen (5) Lisko voisi
Page 183 and 184: 176 Tiina Puurtinen Mauranen, Anna
Page 185 and 186: 178 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit equivale
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Page 224: Author index 217 Schäffner 1, 38,
Page 227 and 228: 220 Subject index G generalization
Page 229 and 230: In the BENJAMINS TRANSLATION LIBRAR
Page 231: 47. SAWYER, David B.: Fundamental A
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