Translation Universals.pdf - ymerleksi - home

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Untypical patterns in translations 117 Table 5. Top 1R collocates of kovin (raw frequencies in brackets) CNF MuCTF MoCTF usein ‘often’ (7) paljon ‘much’ (41) paljon ‘much’ (28) moni ‘many’ (11) kauan ‘for a long time ‘ (14) pitkälle ‘far ‘ (13) paljon ‘much’ (13) pitkään ‘for a long time’ (7) surullinen ‘sad’ (6) tärkeä ‘important’ (5) kauas ‘far’ (adposition) (5) hyvin ‘well’ (adverb) (12) vähän ‘little’ (12) paha ‘bad’ (7) moni ‘many’ (9) pitkään ‘for a long time‘ (5) usein ‘often’ (7) kauan ‘for a long time‘ iloinen ‘glad’ (5) hyvä ‘good’ (7) paha ‘bad’ (6) pitkä ‘long, tall’ (13) hyvin ‘well’ (adverb) (7) kauas ‘far ‘ (adverb) (8) Table 6. 1R collocates of oikein (raw frequencies in brackets) CNF MuCTF MoCTF hyvin ‘well’ (adverb) (26) hyvin ‘well’ (adverb) (36) hyvin ‘well’ (adverb) (31) hyvä ‘good’ (21) hyvä ‘good’ (28) hyvä ‘good’ (26) mukava ‘nice’ (8) kovasti ‘hard’ (adverb) (8) paljon ‘much’ (5) mukava ‘nice’ (7) paljon ‘much’ (9) moni and paljon) and one in MoCTF (paljon); and finally, six of the list head collocates in MuCTF also occur in MoCTF (paljon, kauan, pitkään, kauas, paha and hyvin). The lexical combinations seem to be then more similar across subcorpora than in the case of hyvin. To obtain a broader picture of the collocational patterns of synonyms in different language variants, the significant collocates of oikein are listed in Table 6. In CNF, there are only two significant collocates of oikein. Thenumberof significant collocates is slightly bigger in translational corpora, as also in both cases discussed above. However, in contrast to hyvin, and partially to kovin,the collocates of oikein show a very stable patterning across the language variants. Both collocate pairs oikein hyvin and oikein hyvä occur in each subcorpus as the most significant combinations, and the mutual order of these two collocations is similar. Furthermore, the collocations in both translational data are also almost identical, except for the collocation oikein kovasti, which occurs only in translations from English. This brief analysis of lexical associations shows that collocations may be very different in translations than in non-translations and furthermore, in
118 Jarmo Harri Jantunen translations from one source language only compared with translations in general. An example of this is the case of hyvin. However,thesituationisfar more complicated, as we saw in the analyses of kovin and oikein. Contraryto hyvin, the degree modifiers kovin and especially oikein show less varied lexical patterning across the language variants. It looks that there is a continuum from less stable lexical collocations of hyvin to fixed collocations of oikein. This indicates that even very synonymous words may have different degrees of collocational variance. According to the Three-Phase Comparative Analysis of lexical associations, it is obvious that the collocational variance across language variants may be affected not only by (1) the language variant itself but also by (2) the actual words in a language, no matter how closely they are semantically or syntactically related to each other. 6. Further analysis: grammatical associations of hyvin Here I will focus only on one degree modifier, namely hyvin, whichaswesaw above exhibits the most varied lexical combinations across language variants. The aim of the following analysis is to complement the picture of variation by focusing on grammatical associations. In this case, I will focus not only on the 1R position but on the whole span from position 2L to position 2R (see Figure 2 above). The analysis is carried out by counting each of the word classes in a given position and then by calculating the proportion of each word classes. I will start the analysis from the position 1R, which was already analysed above from the standpoint of collocations. The syntactic categories, that is to say, the colligates, which occur in position 1R are adjectives, adverbs and quantifiers as well as prepositional or postpositional phrases. The variance of wordclassesinthispositionissmallerthaninotherpositions.Thisisduetothe limited variety of the headwords that degree modifiers are able to premodify; in other positions there is more variety. The first part of the TPCA of colligations (Figure 3 below) shows, to begin with, that hyvin clearly prefers adjectives in this position: their proportion is 66–75% of all colligates. The proportion of adverbs is obviously less (21– 27%), and the proportions of quantifiers and adposition structures are very minor. Comparison of the distributions across subcorpora shows, first of all, that translations in general are very similar to non-translation: the proportions of each colligate are almost equal in this position. However, translations from English show a clearly different tendency: firstly, they differ from nontranslations, which indicates an impact of the source language. 14 Hence, the
Page 2 and 3:
Translation Universals
Page 4 and 5:
Translation Universals Do they exis
Page 6 and 7:
Table of contents Introduction 1 I.
Page 8 and 9:
Introduction The search for univers
Page 10 and 11:
Introduction 3 the main methodologi
Page 12 and 13:
Introduction 5 tious corpus would w
Page 14 and 15:
Introduction 7 of several frequent
Page 16 and 17:
Introduction 9 For many, the term u
Page 18:
Introduction 11 Toury, Gideon (1991
Page 22 and 23:
Probabilistic explanations in trans
Page 24 and 25:
Page 26 and 27:
Page 28 and 29:
Page 30 and 31:
Page 32 and 33:
Page 34 and 35:
Page 36 and 37:
Page 38 and 39:
Page 40 and 41:
Beyond the particular* Andrew Chest
Page 42 and 43:
Beyond the particular 35 6. A trans
Page 44 and 45:
Beyond the particular 37 characteri
Page 46 and 47:
Beyond the particular 39 Contributi
Page 48 and 49:
Beyond the particular 41 A crucial
Page 50 and 51:
Beyond the particular 43 representa
Page 52 and 53:
Beyond the particular 45 or unclear
Page 54 and 55:
Beyond the particular 47 What we ne
Page 56:
Beyond the particular 49 Schulte, R
Page 59 and 60:
52 Silvia Bernardini and Federico Z
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 72 and 73:
Corpora, universals and interferenc
Page 74 and 75: Corpora, universals and interferenc
Page 90 and 91: Untypical frequencies in translated
Page 106: Untypical frequencies in translated
Page 109 and 110: 102 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Mauranen (
Page 111 and 112: 104 Jarmo Harri Jantunen 2.2 Lexica
Page 113 and 114: 106 Jarmo Harri Jantunen eighth day
Page 115 and 116: 108 Jarmo Harri Jantunen second pha
Page 117 and 118: 110 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Figure 2.
Page 119 and 120: 112 Jarmo Harri Jantunen synonymous
Page 121 and 122: 114 Jarmo Harri Jantunen items comp
Page 123: 116 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Table 4. T
Page 127 and 128: 120 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Table 7. T
Page 129 and 130: 122 Jarmo Harri Jantunen However, t
Page 131 and 132: 124 Jarmo Harri Jantunen 13. The bo
Page 133 and 134: 126 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Mauranen,
Page 136 and 137: Translation-specific lexicogrammar?
Page 148: Translation-specific lexicogrammar?
Page 151 and 152: 144 Vilma Pápai It is in the last
Page 153 and 154: 146 Vilma Pápai Table 1. Summary o
Page 155 and 156: 148 Vilma Pápai (Sinclair 1991:13-
Page 157 and 158: 150 Vilma Pápai Table 2. Summary o
Page 159 and 160: 152 Vilma Pápai 4.1.2 Shifts on th
Page 161 and 162: 154 Vilma Pápai part of speech and
Page 163 and 164: 156 Vilma Pápai his former prison
Page 165 and 166: 158 Vilma Pápai Table 4. Frequency
Page 167 and 168: 160 Vilma Pápai In addition, consi
Page 169 and 170: 162 Vilma Pápai PA Porter, A. 1997
Page 171 and 172: 164 Vilma Pápai Ishikawa, Luli (19
Page 173 and 174: 166 Tiina Puurtinen (1996) and Bake
Page 175 and 176:
168 Tiina Puurtinen (1) Hän katsoi
Page 177 and 178:
170 Tiina Puurtinen conditional: jo
Page 179 and 180:
172 Tiina Puurtinen Table 2. Occurr
Page 181 and 182:
174 Tiina Puurtinen (5) Lisko voisi
Page 183 and 184:
176 Tiina Puurtinen Mauranen, Anna
Page 185 and 186:
178 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit equivale
Page 187 and 188:
180 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit Table 1.
Page 189 and 190:
182 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit do not t
Page 191 and 192:
184 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit Östman,
Page 194 and 195:
What happens to “unique items”
Page 196 and 197:
“Unique items” in learners’ t
Page 198 and 199:
Page 200 and 201:
Page 202 and 203:
Page 204 and 205:
Page 206 and 207:
Page 208 and 209:
Page 210 and 211:
Page 212 and 213:
The fate of “The Families of Mede
Page 214 and 215:
Thefateof“TheFamiliesofMedellín
Page 216 and 217:
Page 218 and 219:
Page 220 and 221:
Page 222 and 223:
Author index A Adab 1 Aijmer 131 Al
Page 224:
Author index 217 Schäffner 1, 38,
Page 227 and 228:
220 Subject index G generalization
Page 229 and 230:
In the BENJAMINS TRANSLATION LIBRAR
Page 231:
47. SAWYER, David B.: Fundamental A
show all

Translation Universals.pdf - ymerleksi - home

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?