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Explicitation 155 4.1.5 Shifts on the syntactic level: conjunctions + cataphoric reference One of the characteristic features of Hungarian relative clauses and hogy (‘that’) clauses is cataphoric reference represented as an introductory pronoun in the main clause. It is not necessarily part of the sentence but “its presence gives the sentence a greater completeness” (Hell 1980:157). Example (7) involves a relative clause, and (8) constitutes a hogy clause: (7) If that is the case, then science may have practically no special features which elevate it above ancient myths or voodoo. Ha ez így van, akkor a tudománynak gyakorlatilag nincs semmi olyan jellemzője, mely az ősi mítoszok vagy mágiák fölé emelhetné. Back translation: If that is so, then science has practically no such special features which could elevate it above ancient myths or black magic. (8) The reader’s reaction to this may be to ask, ‘Yes, but are they really biological objects? Az Olvasó reakciója valószínűleg az lesz, hogy megkérdezi: “Rendben, de vajon tényleg biológiai objektumok ezek? Back translation: The reader’s reaction to this will probably be that that he/she asks, ‘All right, but are these really biological objetcts? 4.1.6 Shifts on the textual level: culture-specific items When the shared knowledge is different between two languages/cultures/ contexts the translator inserts a shorter or longer explanatory remark like amerikai (‘American’), that is the nationality of the publishing house, and kiadó (‘publisher’) in the second example. (9) A dozen years ago, a senior man from Knopf recognized his former prison guard inside the well-pressed suit of a Heibon-sha executive, stood staring at him for a moment or two, then threw his champagne into the startled Japanese face. Tíz-tizenkét éve történt, hogy az amerikai Knopf egyik vezető munkatársa felismerte a Heibon-sha Kiadó valamelyik igazgatójában azt a hajdani őrt – pedig jól-szabott öltönyt viselt –, aki annyit gyötörte valamikor a hadifogolytáborban; egy darabig csak állt és némán nézte, aztán pezsgőjét a megdöbbent japán arcába löttyintette. Back translation: It happened 10 or 12 years ago that a senior man from the American Knopf recognized in a Heibom-sha Publishing House executive
156 Vilma Pápai his former prison guard – althoug he was wearing a well-pressed suit – who used to torture him so much in a POW camp, stood silently staring at him for a moment or two, then threw his champagne into the startled Japanese man’s face. The extensive/wide set of explicitation strategies identified in the parallel corpus provides insight into the translation process in terms of shifts triggered by a number of factors: the translators’ conscious or unconscious strategy, or the style of the translators or the language community, genre conventions or translation norms, just to mention a few. 4.2 Shifts in explicitness The comparison of translated and non-translated texts of HHC constitutes the second analysis. Table 4 shows the distribution of frequencies of features of text explicitness in the comparable corpus. The most relevant comparison is that made between the original (O) and translated (T) Hungarian texts of HHC. The data show that in 16 cases out of 20 (80%) the frequencies of features investigated in translated text outnumber the frequencies in original text. The most dominant difference was found in the case of derivatives közötti ‘among’ + [adjectival suffix] and belüli ‘in’ + [adjectival suffix] with no instances in original texts as opposed to 21 instances in translated texts. Only in four cases do items conflict with the hypothesis: való ‘being’,amely ‘which, that’, tehát‘consequently’,is‘as well, too’ (Table 4). The most striking results concern the use of való, an empty participle, and tehát, aconjunctof consequence. There are 20 occurrences in the original texts for való as opposed to 8 in translated texts, and 18 : 7 for tehát. Thewordvaló, the participle of van ‘to be’ fulfils an important syntactic function: it makes the left-branching of adjectives possible. As the Hungarian and English attributive complements show a structural difference (see Appendix 2), we expect the frequencies of való to be higher in texts rendered from an Indo-European language than in texts produced by Hungarian writers. In other words, we do not expect writers to use this item more often than translators do under constraints imposed by the target text or the translation process itself or both; yet they do, with all but one instance occurring in non-literary texts. As a result, this might be ascribed to norms governing the use of these items for authors of technical writing. The higher frequency of való in the non-translated texts, in fact, strongly contradicts long-held professional views on this question. This unusual patterning also applies to the conjunction of amely (a relative pronoun) and is
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Translation Universals
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Translation Universals Do they exis
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Table of contents Introduction 1 I.
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Introduction The search for univers
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Introduction 3 the main methodologi
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Introduction 5 tious corpus would w
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Introduction 7 of several frequent
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Introduction 9 For many, the term u
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Introduction 11 Toury, Gideon (1991
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Probabilistic explanations in trans
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Beyond the particular* Andrew Chest
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Beyond the particular 35 6. A trans
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Beyond the particular 37 characteri
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Beyond the particular 39 Contributi
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Beyond the particular 41 A crucial
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Beyond the particular 43 representa
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Beyond the particular 45 or unclear
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Beyond the particular 47 What we ne
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Beyond the particular 49 Schulte, R
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52 Silvia Bernardini and Federico Z
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Corpora, universals and interferenc
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Untypical frequencies in translated
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102 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Mauranen (
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Page 121 and 122: 114 Jarmo Harri Jantunen items comp
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Page 125 and 126: 118 Jarmo Harri Jantunen translatio
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Page 129 and 130: 122 Jarmo Harri Jantunen However, t
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Page 133 and 134: 126 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Mauranen,
Page 136 and 137: Translation-specific lexicogrammar?
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Page 151 and 152: 144 Vilma Pápai It is in the last
Page 153 and 154: 146 Vilma Pápai Table 1. Summary o
Page 155 and 156: 148 Vilma Pápai (Sinclair 1991:13-
Page 157 and 158: 150 Vilma Pápai Table 2. Summary o
Page 159 and 160: 152 Vilma Pápai 4.1.2 Shifts on th
Page 161: 154 Vilma Pápai part of speech and
Page 165 and 166: 158 Vilma Pápai Table 4. Frequency
Page 167 and 168: 160 Vilma Pápai In addition, consi
Page 169 and 170: 162 Vilma Pápai PA Porter, A. 1997
Page 171 and 172: 164 Vilma Pápai Ishikawa, Luli (19
Page 173 and 174: 166 Tiina Puurtinen (1996) and Bake
Page 175 and 176: 168 Tiina Puurtinen (1) Hän katsoi
Page 177 and 178: 170 Tiina Puurtinen conditional: jo
Page 179 and 180: 172 Tiina Puurtinen Table 2. Occurr
Page 181 and 182: 174 Tiina Puurtinen (5) Lisko voisi
Page 183 and 184: 176 Tiina Puurtinen Mauranen, Anna
Page 185 and 186: 178 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit equivale
Page 187 and 188: 180 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit Table 1.
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The fate of “The Families of Mede
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Thefateof“TheFamiliesofMedellín
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Author index A Adab 1 Aijmer 131 Al
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Author index 217 Schäffner 1, 38,
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220 Subject index G generalization
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In the BENJAMINS TRANSLATION LIBRAR
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47. SAWYER, David B.: Fundamental A
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