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Clause connectives in Finnish children’s literature 171 Table 1. Occurrences of connectives per 100 000 words in Finnish originals and Finnish translations Originals <strong>Translation</strong>s jo(t)ka ‘which’, ‘who’ 319.8 357.2 jo(i)ssa ‘in which’, ‘where’ 75.0 45.5 että, ettei(vät) ‘that’, ‘that not’, ‘in order to’, ‘in order not to’ 1129.5 1155.7 kun ‘when’, ‘because’ 661.6 809.3 jos, jollei(vät) ‘if’, ‘if not’ 252.0 268.7 vaikka, vaikkei(vät) ‘although’, ‘although not’ 126.3 111.3 koska ‘because’ 69.6 76.2 ennen kuin ‘before’ 46.1 95.3 jotta, jottei(vät) ‘in order to’, ‘in order not to’ 11.2 56.7 mutta, muttei(vät) ‘but’, ‘but not’ 786.1 796.2 sillä ‘for’ 84.0 81.5 vaan ‘but’ 41.1 33.4 kuitenkin ‘however’ 58.1 46.7 siksi ‘therefore’ 22.3 21.2 4.1 Connectives more frequent in translations The temporal conjunction kun ‘when’, which is sometimes also used causally, is considerably more frequent in translations (809.3 vs. 661.6 occurrences per 100 000 words). It seems to occur in word combinations such as the ones shown in Table 2 (the figures for individual items in Table 2 indicate absolute, not relative frequencies). These time expressions are clearly more common in translations, although there is no apparent reason for avoiding them in Finnish originals, as all of them are perfectly acceptable Finnish expressions. Nevertheless, at least most of them are likely to have been triggered by a formally more or less equivalent English phrase (juuri kun ← just when, nyt kun ← now that, sillä/samalla hetkellä kun ← at the same time as), which suggests that, when possible, translators tend to translate the ST expression literally into Finnish. The explicative and purpose conjunction että ‘that’, ‘in order to’ is more frequent in the translation subcorpus. However, its positive/neutral and negative forms (että can also appear in a negative clause separate from the negating word ei, e.g. että hän ei ollut ‘that he was not’; ettei(vät) merges the conjunc-
172 Tiina Puurtinen Table 2. Occurrencesoftimeexpressionswithkun in Finnish originals and Finnish translations (absolute frequencies in corpora of approx. 0.5 million words) Originals <strong>Translation</strong>s silloin(kin/kaan) kun ‘when’ 90 127 heti kun ‘as soon as’ 64 100 sitten kun ‘when’ 59 56 aina kun ‘whenever’ 53 49 nyt kun ‘now that’ 33 72 juuri kun ‘just when’ 30 69 vasta kun ‘not until’ 29 26 senjälkeenkun‘after’ 27 71 samalla kun ‘while’ 18 32 sillä/samalla hetkellä kun ‘at the same time as’ 8 21 sillä välin kun ‘while’ 6 32 sillä aikaa kun ‘while’ 5 35 siitä asti kun ‘ever since’ 2 15 siitä saakka kun ‘ever since’ 2 6 siihen mennessä kun ‘by the time’ 2 15 Total 428 726 Total per 100 000 words 85.8 122.4 tion and negation, e.g. ettei hän ollut) show an interesting difference: että is more frequent in translations (1049.0 vs. 991.0), ettei(vät) in originals (138.5 vs. 106.8). Perhaps the lower frequency of ettei(vät) in translations can be explained by the nonexistence of a similar fused negative form in English. The SL conjuction and negation as discrete words may tend to trigger a similar structure in the TL. The other fused conjunctions jottei, jollei, vaikkei and muttei are very rare in both subcorpora and no considerable differences in their distributions were found. The purpose conjunction jotta ‘in order to’ is surprisingly rare in Finnish originals in comparison with translations (11.2 vs. 56.7). The fact that että can be used synonymously with jotta fails to explain the difference, as että is also slightly less frequent in originals. However, jotta seems to often cooccur with liian + adjective ‘too + adjective for’ and tarpeeksi + adjective/noun ‘adjective + enough to’/enough + noun to’ in translations (22 occurrences in the entire translation subcorpus, 3.7 per 100 000 words) but not at all in originals, although both constructions are perfectly idiomatic. Examples (3) and (4) from the corpus are typical instances of such colligations.
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Translation Universals
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Translation Universals Do they exis
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Table of contents Introduction 1 I.
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Introduction The search for univers
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Introduction 3 the main methodologi
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Introduction 5 tious corpus would w
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Introduction 7 of several frequent
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Introduction 9 For many, the term u
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Introduction 11 Toury, Gideon (1991
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Probabilistic explanations in trans
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Beyond the particular* Andrew Chest
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Beyond the particular 35 6. A trans
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Beyond the particular 37 characteri
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Beyond the particular 39 Contributi
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Beyond the particular 41 A crucial
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Beyond the particular 43 representa
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Beyond the particular 45 or unclear
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Beyond the particular 47 What we ne
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Beyond the particular 49 Schulte, R
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52 Silvia Bernardini and Federico Z
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Corpora, universals and interferenc
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Untypical frequencies in translated
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102 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Mauranen (
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104 Jarmo Harri Jantunen 2.2 Lexica
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106 Jarmo Harri Jantunen eighth day
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108 Jarmo Harri Jantunen second pha
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110 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Figure 2.
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112 Jarmo Harri Jantunen synonymous
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114 Jarmo Harri Jantunen items comp
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116 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Table 4. T
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118 Jarmo Harri Jantunen translatio
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Page 136 and 137: Translation-specific lexicogrammar?
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Page 151 and 152: 144 Vilma Pápai It is in the last
Page 153 and 154: 146 Vilma Pápai Table 1. Summary o
Page 155 and 156: 148 Vilma Pápai (Sinclair 1991:13-
Page 157 and 158: 150 Vilma Pápai Table 2. Summary o
Page 159 and 160: 152 Vilma Pápai 4.1.2 Shifts on th
Page 161 and 162: 154 Vilma Pápai part of speech and
Page 163 and 164: 156 Vilma Pápai his former prison
Page 165 and 166: 158 Vilma Pápai Table 4. Frequency
Page 167 and 168: 160 Vilma Pápai In addition, consi
Page 169 and 170: 162 Vilma Pápai PA Porter, A. 1997
Page 171 and 172: 164 Vilma Pápai Ishikawa, Luli (19
Page 173 and 174: 166 Tiina Puurtinen (1996) and Bake
Page 175 and 176: 168 Tiina Puurtinen (1) Hän katsoi
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Page 181 and 182: 174 Tiina Puurtinen (5) Lisko voisi
Page 183 and 184: 176 Tiina Puurtinen Mauranen, Anna
Page 185 and 186: 178 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit equivale
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Page 222 and 223: Author index A Adab 1 Aijmer 131 Al
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Page 227 and 228: 220 Subject index G generalization
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In the BENJAMINS TRANSLATION LIBRAR
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47. SAWYER, David B.: Fundamental A
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