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When is a universal not a universal? 61 Notes 1. Schmied and Schäffler (1996) prefer to use the term explicitness rather than explicitation. On this issue cf. Chesterman, this volume. 2. Our observations are limited to the American context because comparable British data for the same time span were not available from the Index, and other countries of publication had been excluded from the CEXI sampling frame. 3. Informal interviews of native speakers of English/Italian acquainted with Italian/English culture confirmed without exception our intuitions. 4. http://www.ccl.umist.ac.uk/staff/mona/tec.html#fiction, consulted 28/04/03. References Baker, Mona (1995). Corpora in Translation Studies: An Overview and some Suggestions for Future Research. Target, 7(2), 223–243. Baker, Mona (1996). Corpus-based Translation Studies: The Challenges that Lie Ahead. In H. L. Somers (Ed.), Terminology, LSP and Translation (pp. 175–186). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Beaugrande, Robert-Alain de (n.d.) Descriptive Linguistics at the Millennium: Corpus Data as Authentic Language. Online: http://www.beaugrande.com/, consulted 28/09/03. BNC – British National Corpus. Online: http://info.ox.ac.uk/bnc/, consulted 28/09/03. Burnard, Lou (1995). Users’ Reference Guide for the British National Corpus (SGML version). Oxford: Oxford University Computing Services. CEXI – English Italian Translational Corpus. Online: http://www.sitlec.unibo.it/cexi/, consulted 28/09/03. Chemnitz English-German Translation Corpus. Online: http://www.tuchemnitz.de/phil/ english/chairs/linguist/real/independent/transcorpus/index.htm, consulted 28/09/03. COMPARA – Portuguese English Comparable Corpus. Online: http://www.linguateca.pt/ COMPARA/Welcome.html, consulted 28/09/03. ENPC – English Norwegian Parallel Corpus. Online: http://www.hf.uio.no/iba/prosjekt/, consulted 28/09/03. Even-Zohar, Itamar (2000 [1978/1990]). The Position of Translated Literature within the Literary Polysystem. This version originally published in Poetics Today, 11(1), 45–51. Reprinted in L. Venuti (Ed.), The Translation Studies Reader (pp. 192–197). London: Routledge. Online: http://www.tau.ac.il/˜itamarez/ps/pos_trli.htm, consulted 28/09/03. Firth, J. R. (1935). On Sociological Linguistics. Extracted from Firth, J. R.: The Technique of Semantics – Transactions of the Royal Society. Reprinted in D. Hymes (Ed.), Language in Culture and Society [1964] (pp. 66–70). New York: Harper International. Firth, J. R. (1956). Descriptive Linguistics and the Study of English. In F. R. Palmer (Ed.), Selected Papers of J. R. Firth 1952–1959 [1968] (pp. 96–113). London/Harlow: Longman.
62 Silvia Bernardini and Federico Zanettin Hymes, Dell (1972). On Communicative Competence. In J. B. Pride & J. Holmes (Eds.), Sociolinguistics (pp. 269–293). London: Penguin. Index Translationum, 5th edition. UNESCO 1998. Laviosa, Sara (1997). How Comparable can ‘Comparable Corpora’ be? Target, 9(2), 289–319. Laviosa, Sara (1998a). The English Comparable Corpus: A Resource and a Methodology. In L. Bowker, M. Cronin, D. Kenny, & J. Pearson (Eds.), Unity in Diversity? Current Trends in Translation Studies (pp. 101–112). Manchester: St. Jerome. Laviosa, Sara (1998b). Core Patterns of Lexical Use in a Comparable Corpus of English Lexical Prose. Meta, 43(4), 557–570. Laviosa, Sara (1998c). Universals of Translation. In M. Baker (Ed.), The Routledge Encyclopaedia of Translation Studies (pp. 288–291). London/New York: Routledge. Mauranen, Anna (2000). Strange Strings in Translated Language. In M. Olohan (Ed.), Intercultural Faultlines (pp. 119–142). Manchester: St Jerome. Mauranen, Anna (2001). Issues of Data in the Search for Translation Universals. EST Conference 2001 Copenhagen Formats. Online: www.cbs.dk/departments/english/EST/ formats.shtml, consulted 24/04/02. Mauranen, Anna (2002). Where is Cultural Adaptation? Intralinea, 5. Online: http://www.intralinea.it/vol5/cult2k/mauranen.htm, consulted 28/09/03. Olohan, Maeve (2001). Spelling out the Optionals in Translation: A Corpus Study. In P. Rayson, A. Wilson, T. McEnery, A. Hardie, & S. Khoja (Eds.), Proceedings of the Corpus Linguistics 2001 conference, UCREL Technical Papers: 13 (pp. 423–432). Lancaster: Lancaster University. Olohan, Maeve, & Baker, Mona (2000). Reporting that in Translated English. Evidence for Subconscious Processes of Explicitation? Across Languages and Cultures, 1(2), 141–158. Schmied, Josef, & Schäffler, Hildegard (1996). Explicitness as a Universal Feature of Translation. In M. Ljung (Ed.), Corpus-based Studies in English: Papers from the seventeenth International Conference on English Language Research on Computerized Corpora (ICAME 17) (pp. 21–36). Amsterdam/Atlanta: Rodopi. Sperberg-McQueen, Michael, & Burnard, Lou (2001). The XML Version of the TEI Guidelines. Online: http://www.tei-c.org/P4X/, consulted 28/09/03. Toury, Gideon (1995). Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. TEC – Translational English Corpus. Online: http://www.ccl.umist.ac.uk/staff/mona/tec, consulted 28/04/03. Vanderauwera, Ria (1985). Dutch Novels Translated into English. The Transformation of a Minority Literature. Amsterdam: Rodopi. Venuti, Lawrence (1998). The Scandals of Translation: Towards an Ethics of Difference. London/New York: Routledge. Zanettin, Federico (2000). Parallel Corpora in Translation Studies. Issues in Corpus Design and Analysis. In M. Olohan (Ed.), Intercultural Faultlines (pp. 105–118). Manchester: St Jerome. Zanettin, Federico (2002). CEXI. Designing an English Italian Translational Corpus. In B. Kettemann & G. Marko (Eds.), Teaching and Learning by Doing Corpus Analysis (pp. 329–343). Amsterdam/Atlanta: Rodopi.
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Translation Universals
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Translation Universals Do they exis
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Table of contents Introduction 1 I.
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Introduction The search for univers
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Introduction 3 the main methodologi
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Introduction 5 tious corpus would w
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Introduction 7 of several frequent
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Introduction 9 For many, the term u
Page 18: Introduction 11 Toury, Gideon (1991
Page 22 and 23: Probabilistic explanations in trans
Page 40 and 41: Beyond the particular* Andrew Chest
Page 42 and 43: Beyond the particular 35 6. A trans
Page 44 and 45: Beyond the particular 37 characteri
Page 46 and 47: Beyond the particular 39 Contributi
Page 48 and 49: Beyond the particular 41 A crucial
Page 50 and 51: Beyond the particular 43 representa
Page 52 and 53: Beyond the particular 45 or unclear
Page 54 and 55: Beyond the particular 47 What we ne
Page 56: Beyond the particular 49 Schulte, R
Page 59 and 60: 52 Silvia Bernardini and Federico Z
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Page 72 and 73: Corpora, universals and interferenc
Page 90 and 91: Untypical frequencies in translated
Page 106: Untypical frequencies in translated
Page 109 and 110: 102 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Mauranen (
Page 111 and 112: 104 Jarmo Harri Jantunen 2.2 Lexica
Page 113 and 114: 106 Jarmo Harri Jantunen eighth day
Page 115 and 116: 108 Jarmo Harri Jantunen second pha
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112 Jarmo Harri Jantunen synonymous
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114 Jarmo Harri Jantunen items comp
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116 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Table 4. T
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118 Jarmo Harri Jantunen translatio
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120 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Table 7. T
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122 Jarmo Harri Jantunen However, t
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124 Jarmo Harri Jantunen 13. The bo
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126 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Mauranen,
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Translation-specific lexicogrammar?
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144 Vilma Pápai It is in the last
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146 Vilma Pápai Table 1. Summary o
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148 Vilma Pápai (Sinclair 1991:13-
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150 Vilma Pápai Table 2. Summary o
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152 Vilma Pápai 4.1.2 Shifts on th
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154 Vilma Pápai part of speech and
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156 Vilma Pápai his former prison
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158 Vilma Pápai Table 4. Frequency
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160 Vilma Pápai In addition, consi
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162 Vilma Pápai PA Porter, A. 1997
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164 Vilma Pápai Ishikawa, Luli (19
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166 Tiina Puurtinen (1996) and Bake
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168 Tiina Puurtinen (1) Hän katsoi
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170 Tiina Puurtinen conditional: jo
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172 Tiina Puurtinen Table 2. Occurr
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174 Tiina Puurtinen (5) Lisko voisi
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176 Tiina Puurtinen Mauranen, Anna
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178 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit equivale
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180 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit Table 1.
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182 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit do not t
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184 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit Östman,
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What happens to “unique items”
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“Unique items” in learners’ t
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The fate of “The Families of Mede
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Thefateof“TheFamiliesofMedellín
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Author index A Adab 1 Aijmer 131 Al
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Author index 217 Schäffner 1, 38,
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220 Subject index G generalization
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In the BENJAMINS TRANSLATION LIBRAR
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47. SAWYER, David B.: Fundamental A
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