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Clause connectives in Finnish children’s literature 173 (3) Vuorokaudessa ei ollut tarpeeksi tunteja, jotta Cara olisi ehtinyt tehdä kaiken, mitä piti. literally: ‘There weren’t enough hours in a day for Cara to have time to do everything that had to be done.’ (4) On liian pimeää, jotta hän voisi kävellä turvallisesti. ‘It’s too dark for him to walk safely.’ On the basis of the children’s subcorpora used in this study, these combinations with jotta can perhaps be considered translation specific colligations in the genre of children’s literature, but this finding is not generalisable to other genres. Again, the translations are likely to reflect ST constructions. 4.2 Connectives more frequent in Finnish originals The lower frequency of the relative pronoun jossa (sg.)/joissa (pl.) ‘in which’, ‘where’ in translations might be partly caused by the common use of corresponding participial attribute constructions, which was detected in the previous research (Puurtinen 1995). Another option which might occasionally be preferred to jo(i)ssa in translations when referring to location is missä ‘where’. Indeed, missä is slightly more common in translations than in originals (26.3 vs. 17.4, including only those occurrences where missä and jo(i)ssa are both equally feasible alternatives). Perhaps the English where tends to get translated as missä rather than jo(i)ssa. Nevertheless, even the combined frequency of missä + jo(i)ssa turns out to be higher in Finnish originals (92.4 vs. 71.8) with no apparent reason. Finally, the contexts and functions of the concessive conjunction vaikka ‘(al)though’ show some interesting differences between originals and translations. One potential explanation for the somewhat lower frequency of vaikka in translations is choosing the longer construction siitä huolimatta että or huolimatta siitä että as a more direct equivalent for despite the fact that. However, this construction hardly occurs at all in either subcorpus (1.0 in originals, 1.2 in translations). Two verb forms used in connection with vaikka seem to be more commonintranslations:vaikka + verb + the clitic particle -kin/kaan (21.8 vs. 15.0) and vaikka + the conditional -isi (20.1 vs. 13.4). The only context, or meaning, of vaikka which is more typical of Finnish originals is ‘on the other hand’, ‘but’; in other words, vaikka is not always a concessive conjunction but can also begin an afterthought of a kind to the previous clause and could be replaced with tosin, kylläkin, mutta, ortoisaalta, as in the following examples from the subcorpus of Finnish originals.
174 Tiina Puurtinen (5) Lisko voisi olla kiva, vaikka en tiedä onko sekään erityisen seurallinen. ‘A lizard might be nice, but I don’t know if it’s particularly sociable either.’ (6) Miksi hän ei ollut paremmin katsonut jalkoihinsa? Vaikka mitä se olisi auttanut? ‘Why hadn’t he watched his step more carefully? But what would that have helped?’ (7) Sinä olet vielä suurempi noita kuin minä aavistinkaan. Vaikka kyllä sinä aina olet erikoistapaus ollut. ‘You are an even greater witch than I suspected. But you have always been a special case.’ Instead of the meaning ‘despite the fact that’, in these examples vaikka has the sense ‘on second thought’. The frequency of such occurrences is 8.1 in translations (7% of all vaikka conjunctions) and 16.6, i.e. twice as high, in originals (13%). 5. Conclusion The above findings do not fully support the explicitation hypothesis, nor do they clearly contradict it. A few connectives are more frequent in translations, thus contributing to a higher degree of explicitation, while two connectives show an opposite trend with higher frequencies in originals. Thus, contrary to what might be assumed, high frequencies of NCs in translations do not seem to correlate with low frequencies of connectives. Instead of the frequencies, however, the most interesting findings are related to differences between the subcorpora in the contexts and functions of particular connectives. A more thorough analysis of the material is likely to yield additional information on such tendencies. Some of the differences can perhaps, unsurprisingly, be explained by ST features being reflected in translations, i.e. by a tendency to translate ST expressions literally. Other genres, such as academic literature or adult fiction, might reveal clearer patterns which distinguish originals and translations, as might also more homogeneous subcorpora of children’s literature. The children’s fiction included in the present corpus ranges from fairytales to girls’ books and detective stories, and the age of the estimated readership from eight to twelve. In the same way as the overall style varies in different subgenres, explicitation may also show diverse patterns.
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Translation Universals
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Translation Universals Do they exis
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Table of contents Introduction 1 I.
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Introduction The search for univers
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Introduction 3 the main methodologi
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Introduction 5 tious corpus would w
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Introduction 7 of several frequent
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Introduction 9 For many, the term u
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Introduction 11 Toury, Gideon (1991
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Probabilistic explanations in trans
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Beyond the particular* Andrew Chest
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Beyond the particular 35 6. A trans
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Beyond the particular 37 characteri
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Beyond the particular 39 Contributi
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Beyond the particular 41 A crucial
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Beyond the particular 43 representa
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Beyond the particular 45 or unclear
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Beyond the particular 47 What we ne
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Beyond the particular 49 Schulte, R
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52 Silvia Bernardini and Federico Z
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Corpora, universals and interferenc
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Untypical frequencies in translated
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102 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Mauranen (
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104 Jarmo Harri Jantunen 2.2 Lexica
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106 Jarmo Harri Jantunen eighth day
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108 Jarmo Harri Jantunen second pha
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110 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Figure 2.
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112 Jarmo Harri Jantunen synonymous
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114 Jarmo Harri Jantunen items comp
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116 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Table 4. T
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118 Jarmo Harri Jantunen translatio
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120 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Table 7. T
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Page 136 and 137: Translation-specific lexicogrammar?
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Page 151 and 152: 144 Vilma Pápai It is in the last
Page 153 and 154: 146 Vilma Pápai Table 1. Summary o
Page 155 and 156: 148 Vilma Pápai (Sinclair 1991:13-
Page 157 and 158: 150 Vilma Pápai Table 2. Summary o
Page 159 and 160: 152 Vilma Pápai 4.1.2 Shifts on th
Page 161 and 162: 154 Vilma Pápai part of speech and
Page 163 and 164: 156 Vilma Pápai his former prison
Page 165 and 166: 158 Vilma Pápai Table 4. Frequency
Page 167 and 168: 160 Vilma Pápai In addition, consi
Page 169 and 170: 162 Vilma Pápai PA Porter, A. 1997
Page 171 and 172: 164 Vilma Pápai Ishikawa, Luli (19
Page 173 and 174: 166 Tiina Puurtinen (1996) and Bake
Page 175 and 176: 168 Tiina Puurtinen (1) Hän katsoi
Page 177 and 178: 170 Tiina Puurtinen conditional: jo
Page 179: 172 Tiina Puurtinen Table 2. Occurr
Page 183 and 184: 176 Tiina Puurtinen Mauranen, Anna
Page 185 and 186: 178 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit equivale
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Page 222 and 223: Author index A Adab 1 Aijmer 131 Al
Page 224: Author index 217 Schäffner 1, 38,
Page 227 and 228: 220 Subject index G generalization
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47. SAWYER, David B.: Fundamental A
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