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Untypical patterns in translations 115 Table 3. The word classes that significant collocates of degree modifiers represent hyvin kovin oikein CNF MuCTF MoCTF CNF MuCTF MoCTF CNF MuCTF MoCTF adjectives 4 12 17 1 5 4 1 2 2 adverbs 3 11 3 1 4 5 1 1 2 quantifiers 2 2 1 2 3 2 – 1 1 adposition – – – – 1 – – – – phrases total 9 25 21 4 13 11 2 4 5 much larger in MoCTF than in CNF or MuCTF, and the proportion of adverbial collocates, in turn, is clearly smaller (in bold numbers in Table 3). It seems then that the source language can affect the lexical combinations, but the tendency for untypical lexical patterning is not consistent, because the untypicality is apparent only in the case of hyvin.Finally,thedegreemodifiers are dissimilar in terms of the number of significant collocates they get. This fact is less important in the context of untypical patterning in translations, but is especially important in the context of synonymy studies. It can be added, however, that the translation process does not seem to affect to the mutual ability of modifiers to obtain significant collocates. The concrete collocates of hyvin, kovin and oikein in three subcorpora are shown in Tables 4, 5 and 6, respectively. The more comprehensive analysis of collocational combinations would require looking at the complete list of significant collocates; here I focus only on the 10 most significant collocates in each subcorpus. Each table gives the collocations and their approximate English equivalents. The collocates are sorted according to the two-significancetest-procedure described earlier (the most significant collocate is uppermost). A striking difference can immediately be noticed between collocates in non-translations and translations in general: none of the collocates in the list of MuCTF occur in the list of significant collocates of CNF. The most significant collocation in CNF is hyvin väsynyt, whereasinMuCTFitishyvin tärkeä. Other adjectival collocates in non-translations are vanha, kaunis and pieni;inMuCTFtheyareerikoinen, yksinkertainen, vaikea, andvaarallinen. In both lists, there are also adverbs, but they are different. In contrast to MuCTF, in CNF there are quantifiers, like vähän and paljon. In the second phase of comparison we can also find results that support the difference between translations and non-translations. The translations from English tend to have dissimilar collocations compared to non-translations; interestingly though, the
116 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Table 4. Top 1R collocates of hyvin (raw frequencies in brackets) CNF MuCTF MoCTF väsynyt ‘tired’ (7) tärkeä ‘important’ (15) yksinkertainen ‘simple’ (8) hitaasti ’slowly’ (8) harvoin ‘seldom’ (8) surullinen ‘sad’ (10) hiljaa ‘quietly’ (5) erikoinen ‘special’ (7) väsynyt ‘tired’ (7) vähän ‘little’ (quant.) (7) yksinkertainen ‘simple’ (7) kummallinen ‘strange’ (7) pian ‘soon’ (5) selvästi ‘clearly’ (8) kaunis ‘beautiful’ (10) vanha ‘old’ (6) vaikea ‘difficult’ (11) vaikea ‘difficult’ (8) kaunis ‘beautiful’ (5) varhain ‘early’(adverb) (6) onnellinen ‘happy’ (7) pieni ‘small’ (6) lähellä ‘close’ (adverb) (7) hitaasti ‘slowly’ (7) paljon ‘much’ (5) varovasti ‘carefully’ (6) paha ‘bad’ (8) vaarallinen ‘dangerous’ (7) pitkä ‘long, tall’ (10) subcorpora share three collocations, namely hyvin väsynyt, hyvin kaunis and hyvin hitaasti. Since there are no quantifiers in the list, the range of word classes is narrower in the list head of MoCTF. These two phases of TPCA thus support the hypothesis of untypical lexical combinations in translations; the tendency seems to be unaffected by the impact of source language. However, we must keep in mind that we now discuss the overall tendency, not the actual word combinations, which as has already been seen may well be dissimilar in language variants. In the final phase, in which we contrast translations from English to translations in general, we notice that in MoCTF hyvin is clearly being used to modify more adjectives than in MuCTF. As discussed above, the proportions of adjectives and adverbs were dissimilar in MoCTF and in translations in general (Table 3). When we focus on the list heads of significant collocates the same tendency can also be seen: among the 10 most significant collocates in MoCTF, there are nine adjectives and only one adverb (hitaasti) –andnoquantifiers. Moreover, the list heads have only two collocates in common (yksinkertainen and vaikea); the other collocates in the top ten list are different from those retrieved from MuCTF. This analysis shows, then, that lexical patterns may distinguish translations from one particular source language from translations in general. However, we must make our conclusion keeping in mind that we have so far analysed only the 10 most significant collocates of hyvin. By extending the analysis beyond the list heads we could obtain a more complete picture of the collocational patterns of this specific degree modifier. Table 5 below displays the top ten significant collocates of kovin. The analysis shows a somewhat different picture of the lexical bounds in language variants. Namely, three of the collocates in CNF also occur in MuCTF (usein,
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Translation Universals
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Translation Universals Do they exis
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Table of contents Introduction 1 I.
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Introduction The search for univers
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Introduction 3 the main methodologi
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Introduction 5 tious corpus would w
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Introduction 7 of several frequent
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Introduction 9 For many, the term u
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Introduction 11 Toury, Gideon (1991
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Probabilistic explanations in trans
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Beyond the particular* Andrew Chest
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Beyond the particular 35 6. A trans
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Beyond the particular 37 characteri
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Beyond the particular 39 Contributi
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Beyond the particular 41 A crucial
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Beyond the particular 43 representa
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Beyond the particular 45 or unclear
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Beyond the particular 47 What we ne
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Beyond the particular 49 Schulte, R
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52 Silvia Bernardini and Federico Z
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Page 72 and 73: Corpora, universals and interferenc
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Page 111 and 112: 104 Jarmo Harri Jantunen 2.2 Lexica
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Page 133 and 134: 126 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Mauranen,
Page 136 and 137: Translation-specific lexicogrammar?
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Page 151 and 152: 144 Vilma Pápai It is in the last
Page 153 and 154: 146 Vilma Pápai Table 1. Summary o
Page 155 and 156: 148 Vilma Pápai (Sinclair 1991:13-
Page 157 and 158: 150 Vilma Pápai Table 2. Summary o
Page 159 and 160: 152 Vilma Pápai 4.1.2 Shifts on th
Page 161 and 162: 154 Vilma Pápai part of speech and
Page 163 and 164: 156 Vilma Pápai his former prison
Page 165 and 166: 158 Vilma Pápai Table 4. Frequency
Page 167 and 168: 160 Vilma Pápai In addition, consi
Page 169 and 170: 162 Vilma Pápai PA Porter, A. 1997
Page 171 and 172: 164 Vilma Pápai Ishikawa, Luli (19
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166 Tiina Puurtinen (1996) and Bake
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168 Tiina Puurtinen (1) Hän katsoi
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170 Tiina Puurtinen conditional: jo
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172 Tiina Puurtinen Table 2. Occurr
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174 Tiina Puurtinen (5) Lisko voisi
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176 Tiina Puurtinen Mauranen, Anna
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178 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit equivale
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180 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit Table 1.
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182 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit do not t
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184 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit Östman,
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What happens to “unique items”
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“Unique items” in learners’ t
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The fate of “The Families of Mede
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Thefateof“TheFamiliesofMedellín
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Author index A Adab 1 Aijmer 131 Al
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Author index 217 Schäffner 1, 38,
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220 Subject index G generalization
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In the BENJAMINS TRANSLATION LIBRAR
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47. SAWYER, David B.: Fundamental A
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