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When is a universal not a universal? 61<br />

Notes<br />

1. Schmied and Schäffler (1996) prefer to use the term explicitness rather than explicitation.<br />

On this issue cf. Chesterman, this volume.<br />

2. Our observations are limited to the American context because comparable British data<br />

for the same time span were not available from the Index, and other countries of publication<br />

had been excluded from the CEXI sampling frame.<br />

3. Informal interviews of native speakers of English/Italian acquainted with Italian/English<br />

culture confirmed without exception our intuitions.<br />

4. http://www.ccl.umist.ac.uk/staff/mona/tec.html#fiction, consulted 28/04/03.<br />

References<br />

Baker, Mona (1995). Corpora in <strong>Translation</strong> Studies: An Overview and some Suggestions<br />

for Future Research. Target, 7(2), 223–243.<br />

Baker, Mona (1996). Corpus-based <strong>Translation</strong> Studies: The Challenges that Lie<br />

Ahead. In H. L. Somers (Ed.), Terminology, LSP and <strong>Translation</strong> (pp. 175–186).<br />

Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.<br />

Beaugrande, Robert-Alain de (n.d.) Descriptive Linguistics at the Millennium: Corpus Data<br />

as Authentic Language. Online: http://www.beaugrande.com/, consulted 28/09/03.<br />

BNC – British National Corpus. Online: http://info.ox.ac.uk/bnc/, consulted 28/09/03.<br />

Burnard, Lou (1995). Users’ Reference Guide for the British National Corpus (SGML version).<br />

Oxford: Oxford University Computing Services.<br />

CEXI – English Italian <strong>Translation</strong>al Corpus. Online: http://www.sitlec.unibo.it/cexi/,<br />

consulted 28/09/03.<br />

Chemnitz English-German <strong>Translation</strong> Corpus. Online: http://www.tuchemnitz.de/phil/<br />

english/chairs/linguist/real/independent/transcorpus/index.htm, consulted 28/09/03.<br />

COMPARA – Portuguese English Comparable Corpus. Online: http://www.linguateca.pt/<br />

COMPARA/Welcome.html, consulted 28/09/03.<br />

ENPC – English Norwegian Parallel Corpus. Online: http://www.hf.uio.no/iba/prosjekt/,<br />

consulted 28/09/03.<br />

Even-Zohar, Itamar (2000 [1978/1990]). The Position of Translated Literature within<br />

the Literary Polysystem. This version originally published in Poetics Today, 11(1),<br />

45–51. Reprinted in L. Venuti (Ed.), The <strong>Translation</strong> Studies Reader (pp. 192–197).<br />

London: Routledge. Online: http://www.tau.ac.il/˜itamarez/ps/pos_trli.htm, consulted<br />

28/09/03.<br />

Firth, J. R. (1935). On Sociological Linguistics. Extracted from Firth, J. R.: The Technique of<br />

Semantics – Transactions of the Royal Society. Reprinted in D. Hymes (Ed.), Language in<br />

Culture and Society [1964] (pp. 66–70). New York: Harper International.<br />

Firth, J. R. (1956). Descriptive Linguistics and the Study of English. In F. R. Palmer<br />

(Ed.), Selected Papers of J. R. Firth 1952–1959 [1968] (pp. 96–113). London/Harlow:<br />

Longman.

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