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Explicitation 149
to find out whether translated texts in Hungarian exhibited a higher level of
explicitness than non-translated texts in Hungarian.
Technically, however, the two approaches were linked: five of the strategies
identified in the first stage were taken in the second stage for further investigation
and tested on the whole of the comparable corpus. Their selection was determined
by the design of the corpus. As it is not annotated for parts of speech,
only some of the strategies listed in Table 2, which lend themselves to frequency
analysis, were selected for the second stage. Lexico-grammatical level, as a consequence,
was entirely excluded. The strategies selected for further analysis:
(1) addition and modification of punctuation marks (colon, semicolon, brackets),
(2) addition of derivatives (közötti ‘among’ + [adjectival suffix],belüli‘in’
+ [adjectival suffix], való‘being’); (3) addition of conjunctions (hogy ‘that’,
aki ‘who’, ami‘which, that’, amely‘which, that’, pedig‘but’, azonban ‘however,
although, yet’); (4) addition of conjunctions and cataphoric reference (az
..., hogy, arr*..., hogy, ann*..., hogy ‘that’ + demonstrative pronouns [with
three different case endings]); and (5) addition of discourse particles (csak
‘only, just’, még‘still, yet’, is‘as well, too’, például‘for example’, így‘so’, tehát
‘consequently’). These were treated as features of explicitness when comparing
translated and non-translated texts of the HHC (Table 4). To sum up, the
sequence of the methods used goes from detailed, close-up analysis to more
generaltechniquesofcorpusmethodology.
4. Results and discussion
4.1 The explicitation strategies
In the analysis of the English STs and their Hungarian translations 16 types of
explicitation strategies were identified and categorized. Findings suggest that
shifts occur on each level of language from the logical-visual level to the textual
and extra-linguistic levels (Table 2).
The strategies identified at this stage of research were intended to cover
most of the explicitation types, but they by no means present the full range of
this translation strategy. They are sufficient, however, to provide a basis for the
second analysis and also to show the variety of shifts on various language levels.
Selected and limited examples of the strategies follow below; exemplifying each
type of strategy would go beyond the scope of this study.