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Untypical patterns in translations 119 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 66% 68%75% 28% 27% 21% CNF MuCTF MoCTF 5% 5% 3% 1%1%1% adjectives adverbs quantifiers adposition structures Figure 3. Proportions of 1R colligates of hyvin in subcorpora two first phases of TPCA show that the proportion of head words of hyvin does not make a distinction between non-translations and translations, but this tendency seems to be dependent on source language impact. Secondly, the final phase of TPCA indicates that the translations from English show unequal colligational patterning compared to translations in general. This is the case for the proportion of adjectives, which make up a larger proportion in MoCTF (75% versus 68%), and in the case of adverbs, whose proportion is consistently smaller in MoCTF (21% versus 27%). 15 The proportions of quantifiers and adposition structures are, again, minor and also very similar. Thus, it seems that hyvin tends to colligate more strongly with adjectives and less strongly with adverbs in translations from English than in translations in general, which indicates that one particular source language may influence the grammatical structures of degree modifiers in Finnish. Finally, I have completed the TPCA of the colligations of hyvin by analysing the whole span described earlier. In the analysis, the colligates were not only classified into word classes but the clause beginnings and ends were also counted. The comparisons of the language variants are displayed in Table 7, where only colligates whose proportion is significantly different are listed. At this point, the actual figures are not listed. In the first row we see the results already analysed above; the other rows display the situation in positions two words to the right and both one and two words to the left. The first phase of TPCA shows very clearly that translations in general are very similar to non-translations. The proportions of colligates are equal (or not significantly different) in all but one position: in location 2R, the proportions of nouns and clause finals in MuCTF differ from those in CNF.
120 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Table 7. The summary of distinctive colligates of hyvin according to TPCA Position CNF vs. MuCTF CNF vs. MoCTF MuCTF vs. MoCTF 1R – adjectives adjectives adverbs adverbs 2R nouns – nouns clause ends adverbs clause ends 1L – verbs verbs quantifiers 2L – – pronouns The results of the second part of TPCA show a slightly different tendency: the proportions are now different in two positions, in 1R (as we already saw above) and in 1L. The number of colligates whose proportion is significantly different is, however, only a little larger than between CNF and MuCTF. The comparison does not then provide clear evidence for the source language impact, rather it implies that the SL does not clearly influence either the number of colligates whose proportion is different or the number of positions where the proportions are different. But more interestingly, there seems to be much a clearer difference between the two translational subcorpora. The last phase of TPCA reflects the specific nature of translations from English: analysis of the concordance lists shows that in every position of the span there occur at least one, usually two or more, colligates whose proportion is significantly different from those retrieved from MuCTF. Remembering that we could find evidence for the influence of source language in terms of lexical combinations (at least in case of hyvin), the analysis of the colligates in the whole span of hyvin produces results that are in line with the earlier findings. Consequently, the analyses of grammatical and lexical patterning of hyvin appear to lend support to each other. However, we must remind ourselves that only the proportions of colligates are dissimilar across the language variants (when that was the case): the actual colligations, i.e. the grammatical combinations, turned out to be similar in every subcorpus. Thus, the colligation analysis showed only a quantitative, not qualitative, difference across language variants. After summing up both the results of the analyses of collocations and colligations, we could formulate a new hypothesis concerning untypical lexical and grammatical patterning in translated language: Translated language tends
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Translation Universals
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Translation Universals Do they exis
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Table of contents Introduction 1 I.
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Introduction The search for univers
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Introduction 3 the main methodologi
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Introduction 5 tious corpus would w
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Introduction 7 of several frequent
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Introduction 9 For many, the term u
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Introduction 11 Toury, Gideon (1991
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Probabilistic explanations in trans
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Beyond the particular* Andrew Chest
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Beyond the particular 35 6. A trans
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Beyond the particular 37 characteri
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Beyond the particular 39 Contributi
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Beyond the particular 41 A crucial
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Beyond the particular 43 representa
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Beyond the particular 45 or unclear
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Beyond the particular 47 What we ne
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Beyond the particular 49 Schulte, R
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52 Silvia Bernardini and Federico Z
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Corpora, universals and interferenc
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Corpora, universals and interferenc
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Page 109 and 110: 102 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Mauranen (
Page 111 and 112: 104 Jarmo Harri Jantunen 2.2 Lexica
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Page 151 and 152: 144 Vilma Pápai It is in the last
Page 153 and 154: 146 Vilma Pápai Table 1. Summary o
Page 155 and 156: 148 Vilma Pápai (Sinclair 1991:13-
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Page 159 and 160: 152 Vilma Pápai 4.1.2 Shifts on th
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Page 163 and 164: 156 Vilma Pápai his former prison
Page 165 and 166: 158 Vilma Pápai Table 4. Frequency
Page 167 and 168: 160 Vilma Pápai In addition, consi
Page 169 and 170: 162 Vilma Pápai PA Porter, A. 1997
Page 171 and 172: 164 Vilma Pápai Ishikawa, Luli (19
Page 173 and 174: 166 Tiina Puurtinen (1996) and Bake
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170 Tiina Puurtinen conditional: jo
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172 Tiina Puurtinen Table 2. Occurr
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174 Tiina Puurtinen (5) Lisko voisi
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176 Tiina Puurtinen Mauranen, Anna
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178 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit equivale
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180 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit Table 1.
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182 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit do not t
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184 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit Östman,
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What happens to “unique items”
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“Unique items” in learners’ t
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The fate of “The Families of Mede
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Thefateof“TheFamiliesofMedellín
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Author index A Adab 1 Aijmer 131 Al
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Author index 217 Schäffner 1, 38,
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220 Subject index G generalization
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In the BENJAMINS TRANSLATION LIBRAR
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47. SAWYER, David B.: Fundamental A
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