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“Unique items” in learners’ translations 193 Table 2. Learners’ translations of Straßenverhältnisse and conditions into Finnish “Keli” die Straßenverhältnisse wurden immer miserabler N = 29 a. tieolosuhteet (12), ajo-olosuhteet (4), liikenneolosuhteet (1) 17 b. katujen kunto [huononi] (1), teiden ajokunto (1), 4 tiet [surkeammaksi/huononivat],(2) c. keliolosuhteet (3), ajokeli (2) 5 d. keli 3 conditions rapidly worsened N = 7 a. olosuhteet (2), ajo-olosuhteet (1), sääolot (1) 4 c. ajokeli 1 d. keli 2 Table 2 shows that five translations out of 36 manifest the item keli as a translation for die Strassenverhältnisse or conditions, in further six solutions the item is part of the compounds ajokeli (‘driving’ + ‘conditions’) and keliolosuhteet: according to a contemporary monolingual dictionary of Finnish (Suomen kielen perussanakirja, Haarala et al. 1990–1994) the former is a contextual and more explicit synonym of keli, whereas the latter presents semantic tautology (‘conditions’ + ‘conditions’) and thus a very explicit wording of the concept. The rest include mainly lexical translations (tieolosuhteet ‘road conditions’) or semantic approximations of the German or English source text item. Furthermore, as shown in Tables 3 and 4 overleaf, the unique item kinos (or its verb form kinostaa) is used in eight translations (each time in target texts that do not contain the noun keli), whereas the item hanki is not used at all. As Table 4 reveals, later in the text two more students came up with kinos, an example of the synonymy of these two culture-specific items. In both cases the overwhelming majority, however, seems to favour close lexical translations of the German or English surface structure that retain the source texts’ explicit wording of the concept. Analogous to the above mentioned ajokeli, thecompoundslumikinos and lumihanki are interesting examples of this: they reveal students’ awareness of the Finnish unique items, but at the same time they seem to be careful to ensure that the source texts’ explicitly expressed semantic component “snow” (lumi) is manifested in the translations as well.
194 Pekka Kujamäki Table 3. Learners’ translations of den Schnee zu Häufchen häufeln and snowbank into Finnish “Kinos” . . .häufelte den Schnee am Straßenrand zu schon recht N=29 ansehnlichen Häufchen auf. lunta – töyräiksi (1), kasoiksi/kasoihin (10), vall(e)iksi 18 (3), keoiksi (1), penkoiksi (2), tienreunaan (1) lumikasat 2 lumikinoksiksi 2 lunta...kinoksiksi 7 . . .left a low snowbank on the side of the road. N = 7 lumipenkka 3 lumikinos 3 kinosti lunta 1 Table 4. Learners’ translations of mitten im Schnee and snowdrift into Finnish “Hanki” . . .fand ich mich in meinem Wagen mitten im Schnee N=29 wieder. lumen – keskellä (13), saartamana (1), ympäröimänä (1) 15 keskellä – lumikasaa (3), lumipenkkaa (4) 7 keskellä lumisohjoa 1 keskellä lumikinosta 3 kinoksesta 2 keskellä lumihankea 1 . . .found myself and my car stuck in a snowdrift. N = 7 juuttuneena – lumipenkereeseen (1), lumipenkkaan (1) 2 – lumikinoksessa 2 – kinoksessa 2 – lumihangessa 1 5. First explanations To explain observations of this kind Tirkkonen-Condit (2000) refers to the explanation suggested by the hypotheses about “unique items” itself. Adapted to this study it reads as follows: since the items are not lexicalized in the source languages from which the student translation is taking place here, they do not suggest themselves as obvious first-choice-equivalents for the source text expressions. Rather, the German and English stimuli seem to suggest into the target text straightforward lexical or dictionary translations. On the basis of
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Translation Universals
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Translation Universals Do they exis
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Table of contents Introduction 1 I.
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Introduction The search for univers
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Introduction 3 the main methodologi
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Introduction 5 tious corpus would w
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Introduction 7 of several frequent
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Introduction 9 For many, the term u
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Introduction 11 Toury, Gideon (1991
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Probabilistic explanations in trans
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Beyond the particular* Andrew Chest
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Beyond the particular 35 6. A trans
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Beyond the particular 37 characteri
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Beyond the particular 39 Contributi
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Beyond the particular 41 A crucial
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Beyond the particular 43 representa
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Beyond the particular 45 or unclear
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Beyond the particular 47 What we ne
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Beyond the particular 49 Schulte, R
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Untypical frequencies in translated
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102 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Mauranen (
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104 Jarmo Harri Jantunen 2.2 Lexica
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106 Jarmo Harri Jantunen eighth day
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112 Jarmo Harri Jantunen synonymous
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114 Jarmo Harri Jantunen items comp
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116 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Table 4. T
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118 Jarmo Harri Jantunen translatio
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120 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Table 7. T
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124 Jarmo Harri Jantunen 13. The bo
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Translation-specific lexicogrammar?
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Page 151 and 152: 144 Vilma Pápai It is in the last
Page 153 and 154: 146 Vilma Pápai Table 1. Summary o
Page 155 and 156: 148 Vilma Pápai (Sinclair 1991:13-
Page 157 and 158: 150 Vilma Pápai Table 2. Summary o
Page 159 and 160: 152 Vilma Pápai 4.1.2 Shifts on th
Page 161 and 162: 154 Vilma Pápai part of speech and
Page 163 and 164: 156 Vilma Pápai his former prison
Page 165 and 166: 158 Vilma Pápai Table 4. Frequency
Page 167 and 168: 160 Vilma Pápai In addition, consi
Page 169 and 170: 162 Vilma Pápai PA Porter, A. 1997
Page 171 and 172: 164 Vilma Pápai Ishikawa, Luli (19
Page 173 and 174: 166 Tiina Puurtinen (1996) and Bake
Page 175 and 176: 168 Tiina Puurtinen (1) Hän katsoi
Page 177 and 178: 170 Tiina Puurtinen conditional: jo
Page 179 and 180: 172 Tiina Puurtinen Table 2. Occurr
Page 181 and 182: 174 Tiina Puurtinen (5) Lisko voisi
Page 183 and 184: 176 Tiina Puurtinen Mauranen, Anna
Page 185 and 186: 178 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit equivale
Page 187 and 188: 180 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit Table 1.
Page 189 and 190: 182 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit do not t
Page 191 and 192: 184 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit Östman,
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Page 224: Author index 217 Schäffner 1, 38,
Page 227 and 228: 220 Subject index G generalization
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Page 231: 47. SAWYER, David B.: Fundamental A
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