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Untypical frequencies in translated language 87 Table 1. The Finnish Corpus of Translational and Non-translational Narrative Prose Narrative prose No of Texts No of Words Translations from English (TE-texts) 11 639,608 Translations from Russian (TR-texts) 11 635,511 Original Finnish (OF-texts) 19 619,296 Total 41 1,933,279 3. Use of referative, temporal and final constructions in translated andnon-translatedtexts 3.1 Data As Table 1 shows, my corpus (The Finnish Corpus of Translational and Nontranslational Narrative Prose) consists of three different components (language variants): original Finnish narrative prose (OF-texts) and narrative prose translated from English (TE-texts) and Russian (TR-texts) into Finnish. The data are subcorpora of the Corpus of Translated Finnish (CTF) compiledattheSavonlinna School of Translation Studies. All of the texts have been published in the 1990’s and they are full, unabridged texts, not text fragments. The size of the corpus is about 2 million words and the word-count of each of the components is approximately 600,000 (since each component sample is equal in size, the results are directly comparable). In Finland translations form a substantial part of written texts and translations are widely read. Approximately 60% of all published narrative prose in Finland is translated and there is a huge difference between English and Russian as source languages in this respect. About 70% of all translations are translated from English and only 1% is translated from Russian. Therefore I have in my corpus source languages that have quite different translation traditions in Finland: there are differences in the way they are (and are expected to be) translated and thus the norms operating in these translation traditions deviate from each other. 3.2 Results In my doctoral dissertation (Eskola 2002) I compare translated Finnish language with original texts, trying to examine both local and global translation
88 Sari Eskola laws. In this sense my research progresses from concrete to abstract and from local to global. On the local level I draw conclusions about regularities of translators’ behaviour in given language pairs (English-Finnish, Russian-Finnish), a given time span (contemporary literature) and text type (literary prose). The aim of using two different translational subcorpora is to examine the possible impact of the source language on translated Finnish. Results concerning features that are found irrespective of the source languages can be used to test hypotheses concerning universals of translation on the global level. This paper concentrates on three non-finite syntactic structures, namely referative (e.g. Tiedän hänen tulleen ‘I know she has come’), temporal (e.g. Lukiessaan kirjaa ‘Reading a book’) and final (e.g. Kiirehdin ehtiäkseni junaan ‘I hurried to catch the train’) constructions. These are packed predications which are often used to compress information. They do not include a finite verb and could alternatively be realized by a subordinate clause: the finite and non-finite variants cover the same information and are typically considered as interchangeable. As there is an option available in the use of these structures it is interesting to find out differences in patterns of choice in their use in translated and non-translated texts. Compared to many Indo-European languages, the Finnish language is very synthetic and uses structures of these kinds productively. The starting point of my analysis is the hypothesis that translations tend to show untypical syntactic, lexical and textual frequencies as compared to nontranslated texts. There are some results supporting this law but they are still quite few (e.g. Gellerstam 1996; Laviosa-Braithwaite 1996; Mauranen 2000). The results at hand focus on untypical frequencies on the syntactic level, and a central factor is the availability or absence of corresponding syntactic elements in the source language. There is a clear tendency that preferences in choosing between certain interchangeable expressions in translations are strongly associated with the features of the source language, both in terms of the systemic possibility and of the actual typicality of corresponding constructions. Whereas contrastive research on the typicality of particular linguistic structures in different languages is still largely missing and intuition is not a very good tool for estimating it, the knowledge of differences and similarities of the systemic features of languages is on a much firmer basis. In this sense the analysed Finnish non-finite verb forms can be divided into the following subgroups: a. The structure is unique and language-specific; there is no straightforward equivalent in English and Russian that could be productively paraphrased by a finite verb form (referative construction).
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Translation Universals
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Translation Universals Do they exis
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Table of contents Introduction 1 I.
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Introduction The search for univers
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Introduction 3 the main methodologi
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Introduction 5 tious corpus would w
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Introduction 7 of several frequent
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Introduction 9 For many, the term u
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Introduction 11 Toury, Gideon (1991
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Probabilistic explanations in trans
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Beyond the particular* Andrew Chest
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Beyond the particular 35 6. A trans
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Page 46 and 47: Beyond the particular 39 Contributi
Page 48 and 49: Beyond the particular 41 A crucial
Page 50 and 51: Beyond the particular 43 representa
Page 52 and 53: Beyond the particular 45 or unclear
Page 54 and 55: Beyond the particular 47 What we ne
Page 56: Beyond the particular 49 Schulte, R
Page 59 and 60: 52 Silvia Bernardini and Federico Z
Page 72 and 73: Corpora, universals and interferenc
Page 90 and 91: Untypical frequencies in translated
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Page 109 and 110: 102 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Mauranen (
Page 111 and 112: 104 Jarmo Harri Jantunen 2.2 Lexica
Page 113 and 114: 106 Jarmo Harri Jantunen eighth day
Page 115 and 116: 108 Jarmo Harri Jantunen second pha
Page 117 and 118: 110 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Figure 2.
Page 119 and 120: 112 Jarmo Harri Jantunen synonymous
Page 121 and 122: 114 Jarmo Harri Jantunen items comp
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Page 125 and 126: 118 Jarmo Harri Jantunen translatio
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Page 129 and 130: 122 Jarmo Harri Jantunen However, t
Page 131 and 132: 124 Jarmo Harri Jantunen 13. The bo
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Page 136 and 137: Translation-specific lexicogrammar?
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Translation-specific lexicogrammar?
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144 Vilma Pápai It is in the last
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146 Vilma Pápai Table 1. Summary o
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148 Vilma Pápai (Sinclair 1991:13-
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150 Vilma Pápai Table 2. Summary o
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152 Vilma Pápai 4.1.2 Shifts on th
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154 Vilma Pápai part of speech and
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156 Vilma Pápai his former prison
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158 Vilma Pápai Table 4. Frequency
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160 Vilma Pápai In addition, consi
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162 Vilma Pápai PA Porter, A. 1997
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164 Vilma Pápai Ishikawa, Luli (19
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166 Tiina Puurtinen (1996) and Bake
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168 Tiina Puurtinen (1) Hän katsoi
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170 Tiina Puurtinen conditional: jo
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172 Tiina Puurtinen Table 2. Occurr
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174 Tiina Puurtinen (5) Lisko voisi
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176 Tiina Puurtinen Mauranen, Anna
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178 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit equivale
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180 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit Table 1.
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182 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit do not t
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184 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit Östman,
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What happens to “unique items”
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“Unique items” in learners’ t
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The fate of “The Families of Mede
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Thefateof“TheFamiliesofMedellín
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Author index A Adab 1 Aijmer 131 Al
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Author index 217 Schäffner 1, 38,
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220 Subject index G generalization
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In the BENJAMINS TRANSLATION LIBRAR
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47. SAWYER, David B.: Fundamental A
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