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Beyond the particular 47 What we need, therefore is much more replicated work on testing different restricted and unrestricted hypotheses on different corpora. We need to standardize our main concepts and ways of operationalizing, for greater research cooperation. We need to relate descriptive hypotheses to each other, at still more abstract levels. We need to develop electronic corpus tools. We need to generate new descriptive hypotheses. And we need to work on testable explanatory hypotheses in order to account for the evidence we find. Note * This article is based on three conference presentations, during which my ideas on the topic have developed. One paper was read at the Third EST Congress in Copenhagen in August- September 2001, as part of the session on universals; another was read at the Symposium on Contrastive Analysis and Linguistic Theory at Ghent in September 2001; and a third at the Conference on Universals at Savonlinna in October 2001. There is some overlap between the published versions of all three presentations. I am grateful for all the critical comments and feedback I have had at these meetings. References Baker, Mona (1993). Corpus linguistics and Translation Studies: Implications and applications. In M. Baker et al. (Eds.), Text and Technology: In Honour of John Sinclair (pp. 233–250). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Baker, Mona (2000). Towards a methodology for investigating the style of a literary translator. Target, 12(2), 241–266. Berman, Antoine (1985). Traduction et la lettre ou l’auberge du lointain. Paris: Seuil. Blum-Kulka, Shoshana (1986). Shifts of cohesion and coherence in translation. In J. House & S. Blum-Kulka (Eds.), Interlingual and Intercultural Communication: Discourse and Cognition in Translation and Second Language Acquisition Studies (pp. 17–35). Tübingen: Narr. Campbell, Stuart (1998). Translation into the Second Language. London: Longman. Chesterman, Andrew (1999). Translation typology. In A. Veisbergs & I. Zauberga (Eds.), The Second Riga Symposium on Pragmatic Aspects of Translation (pp. 49–62). Riga: University of Latvia. Chevalier, Jean-Claude (1995). D’une figure de traduction : le changement de ‘sujet’. In J-C. Chevalier & M-F. Delport, L’Horlogerie de Saint Jérôme (pp. 27–44). Paris: L’Harmattan. Doherty, Monika (1996). Information Structure: a key concept for translation theory. Linguistics, 34(3). (Special issue.) Dolet, Estienne (1540). LaManièredeBienTraduired’uneLangueenAultre. Paris: Marnef.
48 Andrew Chesterman Englund Dimitrova, Birgitta (1997). Translation of dialect in fictional prose – Vilhelm Moberg in Russian and English as a case in point. In J. Falk, G. Magnusson, G. Melchers, & B. Nilsson (Eds.), Norm, Variation and Change in Language. Proceedings of the centenary meeting of the Nyfilologiska sällskapet, Nedre Manilla 22–23 March, 1996 (pp. 49–65). Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell. Frawley, William (1984). Prolegomenon to a theory of translation. In W. Frawley (Ed.), Translation. Literary, Linguistic and Philosophical Perspectives (pp. 159–175). Newark: University of Delaware Press. Grice, Paul (1975). Logic and conversation. In P. Cole & J. L. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts (pp. 41–58). New York: Academic Press. Gutt, Ernst-August (2000). Translation and relevance. Cognition and context. Revised edition. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing. Halverson, Sandra (1998). Translation Studies and representative corpora: Establishing links between translation corpora, theoretical/descriptive categories and a conception of the object of study. Meta, 43(4), 494–514. Jerome, Eusebius Hieronymus [395] (1997). De optime genere interpretandi. Translated by P. Carroll as On the best kind of translator. In D. Robinson (Ed.), Western Translation Theory from Herodotus to Nietzsche (pp. 22–30). Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing. Kenny, Dorothy (1998). Creatures of habit? What translators usually do with words. Meta, 43(4), 515–523. Klaudy, Kinga (1996). Back-translation as a tool for detecting explicitation strategies in translation. In K. Klaudy et al. (Eds.), Translation Studies in Hungary (pp. 99–114). Budapest: Scholastica. Kundera, Milan (1993). Les Testaments Trahis.Paris:Gallimard. Laviosa-Braithwaite, Sara (1996). The English Comparable Corpus (ECC): A Resource and a Methodology for the Empirical Study of Translation. Unpublished PhD thesis, UMIST, Manchester. Maia, Belinda (1998). Word order and the first person singular in Portuguese and English. Meta, 43(4), 589–601. Malblanc, Alfred (1963). Stylistique Comparée du Français et de l’Allemand. 2nd edition. Paris: Didier. Mauranen, Anna (2000). Strange strings in translated language. A study on corpora. In M. Olohan (Ed.), Intercultural Faultlines. Research Models in Translation Studies I. Textual and Cognitive Aspects (pp. 119–141). Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing. Milton, John (2001). The figure of the factory translator. Paper presented at the Third EST Congress, August 30 – September 1, 2001, Copenhagen. Munday, Jeremy (2001). Introducing Translation Studies. Theories and Applications.London: Routledge. Øverås, Linn (1998). In search of the third code: an investigation of norms in literary translation. Meta, 43(4), 571–588. Palimpsestes 4, 1990. Pokorn, Nike Kocijancic (2000). Translation into a non-mother tongue in translation theory: deconstruction of the traditional. In A. Chesterman et al. (Eds.), Translation in Context (pp. 61–72). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Savory, Theodore (1957/1968). The Art of Translation. London: Cape.
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Translation Universals
Page 4 and 5: Translation Universals Do they exis
Page 6 and 7: Table of contents Introduction 1 I.
Page 8 and 9: Introduction The search for univers
Page 10 and 11: Introduction 3 the main methodologi
Page 12 and 13: Introduction 5 tious corpus would w
Page 14 and 15: Introduction 7 of several frequent
Page 16 and 17: Introduction 9 For many, the term u
Page 18: Introduction 11 Toury, Gideon (1991
Page 22 and 23: Probabilistic explanations in trans
Page 40 and 41: Beyond the particular* Andrew Chest
Page 42 and 43: Beyond the particular 35 6. A trans
Page 44 and 45: Beyond the particular 37 characteri
Page 46 and 47: Beyond the particular 39 Contributi
Page 48 and 49: Beyond the particular 41 A crucial
Page 50 and 51: Beyond the particular 43 representa
Page 52 and 53: Beyond the particular 45 or unclear
Page 56: Beyond the particular 49 Schulte, R
Page 59 and 60: 52 Silvia Bernardini and Federico Z
Page 72 and 73: Corpora, universals and interferenc
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Untypical frequencies in translated
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Untypical frequencies in translated
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102 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Mauranen (
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104 Jarmo Harri Jantunen 2.2 Lexica
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106 Jarmo Harri Jantunen eighth day
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108 Jarmo Harri Jantunen second pha
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110 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Figure 2.
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112 Jarmo Harri Jantunen synonymous
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114 Jarmo Harri Jantunen items comp
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116 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Table 4. T
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118 Jarmo Harri Jantunen translatio
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120 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Table 7. T
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122 Jarmo Harri Jantunen However, t
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124 Jarmo Harri Jantunen 13. The bo
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126 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Mauranen,
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Translation-specific lexicogrammar?
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144 Vilma Pápai It is in the last
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146 Vilma Pápai Table 1. Summary o
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148 Vilma Pápai (Sinclair 1991:13-
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150 Vilma Pápai Table 2. Summary o
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152 Vilma Pápai 4.1.2 Shifts on th
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154 Vilma Pápai part of speech and
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156 Vilma Pápai his former prison
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158 Vilma Pápai Table 4. Frequency
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160 Vilma Pápai In addition, consi
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162 Vilma Pápai PA Porter, A. 1997
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164 Vilma Pápai Ishikawa, Luli (19
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166 Tiina Puurtinen (1996) and Bake
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168 Tiina Puurtinen (1) Hän katsoi
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170 Tiina Puurtinen conditional: jo
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172 Tiina Puurtinen Table 2. Occurr
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174 Tiina Puurtinen (5) Lisko voisi
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176 Tiina Puurtinen Mauranen, Anna
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178 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit equivale
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180 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit Table 1.
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182 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit do not t
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184 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit Östman,
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What happens to “unique items”
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“Unique items” in learners’ t
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The fate of “The Families of Mede
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Thefateof“TheFamiliesofMedellín
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Author index A Adab 1 Aijmer 131 Al
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Author index 217 Schäffner 1, 38,
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220 Subject index G generalization
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In the BENJAMINS TRANSLATION LIBRAR
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47. SAWYER, David B.: Fundamental A
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