Translation Universals.pdf - ymerleksi - home

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Beyond the particular 35 6. A translation should possess the style of the translation. 7. A translation should read as a contemporary of the original. 8. A translation should read as a contemporary of the translation. 9. A translation may add to or omit from the original. 10.Atranslationmayneveraddtooromitfromtheoriginal. 11. A translation of verse should be in prose. 12. A translation of verse should be in verse. Problem: overgeneralization (neglect of differences). The weakness of this routeisofcoursethatnoaccountisheretakenofthefactthattranslations arenotallofakind:someprescriptiveprinciplesmaybevalidforsometypes of translation (or types of text) and other principles for other types. As soon as this is realized, the need arises for a translation typology. Perhaps the first attempt to make such a typology was that of Jerome, who claimed as follows: Jerome (De optimo genere interpretandi, 395) Translations of sacred texts must be literal, word-for-word (because even the word order of the original is a holy mystery and the translator cannot risk heresy). Translations of other kinds of texts should be done sense-for-sense, more freely (because a literal translation would often sound absurd). Problem: fallacy of converse accident. This is the fallacy of generalizing from a non-typical particular. Here again, differences are neglected. What we find is that statements based on translating a particular kind of text, such as a literary text or the Bible, are assumed to hold good for all kinds of texts – and indeed all kinds of translations. Traces of this fallacy are to be found in quite recent publications on translation theory. A well-known anthology of essays that came out in 1992 was entitled “Theories of Translation” (edited by Schulte and Biguenet). Most of the essays are indeed classics. But all except two deal exclusively with literary translation. The impression is given that translation theory can be more or less equated with literary translation theory – as if literary translation was typical of all translation. A similar impression is given by Venuti’s recent collection of readings (2000), the great majority of which concern literary translation. Problem: idealization. By this I mean the evident underlying belief in perfection, in a perfect translation that would be absolutely equivalent and also ab-
36 Andrew Chesterman solutely natural. The influence of theological myths is strong here, such as that of the 72 translators of the Septuagint who all arrived miraculously at the same solutions... Contribution: first attempts to generalize. These early prescriptive statements were at least a first attempt to get beyond the particular, to establish more general principles and parameters. The statements were based on implicit predictive hypotheses based on the following argument: – A given translation X is a good translation (i.e. this is someone’s reaction to it, its effect on their judgement). – This quality judgement is based on the presence of features ABC in the translation X. – Therefore, all translations with features ABC will be good, people will react to them in this way. The argument only works, of course, if we accept three assumptions: that the quality assessment of translation X really is caused by the presence of features ABC and not something else; that all translations are of the same type as X; and that features ABC are universal indicators of high quality. Contribution: subsequent attempts at typologies. Since Jerome, there have been many attempts to set up typologies of translation (see e.g. Chesterman 1999 for a brief survey). None have yet become generally accepted. Contribution: concern with translation quality. Quality is a central concern of all those who are involved in the practical work of translation. The descriptivists have perhaps over-reacted against traditional prescriptivism in their desire to place Translation Studies on a more scientific basis. However, if quality assessments are seen as part of the effects that a translation has, they need not be excluded from empirical analysis. Defining quality, and devising reliable measures of it, are genuine research problems that should form part of research into translation effects. 3. Thepejorativeroute The second route away from the particular is related to the first, but takes a different direction. Here, all translations (or: all translations of a certain kind) are regarded as being deficient in some way. That is, an attempt is made to
Page 2 and 3: Translation Universals
Page 4 and 5: Translation Universals Do they exis
Page 6 and 7: Table of contents Introduction 1 I.
Page 8 and 9: Introduction The search for univers
Page 10 and 11: Introduction 3 the main methodologi
Page 12 and 13: Introduction 5 tious corpus would w
Page 14 and 15: Introduction 7 of several frequent
Page 16 and 17: Introduction 9 For many, the term u
Page 18: Introduction 11 Toury, Gideon (1991
Page 22 and 23: Probabilistic explanations in trans
Page 40 and 41: Beyond the particular* Andrew Chest
Page 44 and 45: Beyond the particular 37 characteri
Page 46 and 47: Beyond the particular 39 Contributi
Page 48 and 49: Beyond the particular 41 A crucial
Page 50 and 51: Beyond the particular 43 representa
Page 52 and 53: Beyond the particular 45 or unclear
Page 54 and 55: Beyond the particular 47 What we ne
Page 56: Beyond the particular 49 Schulte, R
Page 59 and 60: 52 Silvia Bernardini and Federico Z
Page 72 and 73: Corpora, universals and interferenc
Page 90 and 91: Untypical frequencies in translated
Page 92 and 93:
Untypical frequencies in translated
Page 94 and 95:
Page 96 and 97:
Page 98 and 99:
Page 100 and 101:
Page 102 and 103:
Page 104 and 105:
Page 106:
Page 109 and 110:
102 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Mauranen (
Page 111 and 112:
104 Jarmo Harri Jantunen 2.2 Lexica
Page 113 and 114:
106 Jarmo Harri Jantunen eighth day
Page 115 and 116:
108 Jarmo Harri Jantunen second pha
Page 117 and 118:
110 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Figure 2.
Page 119 and 120:
112 Jarmo Harri Jantunen synonymous
Page 121 and 122:
114 Jarmo Harri Jantunen items comp
Page 123 and 124:
116 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Table 4. T
Page 125 and 126:
118 Jarmo Harri Jantunen translatio
Page 127 and 128:
120 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Table 7. T
Page 129 and 130:
122 Jarmo Harri Jantunen However, t
Page 131 and 132:
124 Jarmo Harri Jantunen 13. The bo
Page 133 and 134:
126 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Mauranen,
Page 136 and 137:
Translation-specific lexicogrammar?
Page 138 and 139:
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148:
Page 151 and 152:
144 Vilma Pápai It is in the last
Page 153 and 154:
146 Vilma Pápai Table 1. Summary o
Page 155 and 156:
148 Vilma Pápai (Sinclair 1991:13-
Page 157 and 158:
150 Vilma Pápai Table 2. Summary o
Page 159 and 160:
152 Vilma Pápai 4.1.2 Shifts on th
Page 161 and 162:
154 Vilma Pápai part of speech and
Page 163 and 164:
156 Vilma Pápai his former prison
Page 165 and 166:
158 Vilma Pápai Table 4. Frequency
Page 167 and 168:
160 Vilma Pápai In addition, consi
Page 169 and 170:
162 Vilma Pápai PA Porter, A. 1997
Page 171 and 172:
164 Vilma Pápai Ishikawa, Luli (19
Page 173 and 174:
166 Tiina Puurtinen (1996) and Bake
Page 175 and 176:
168 Tiina Puurtinen (1) Hän katsoi
Page 177 and 178:
170 Tiina Puurtinen conditional: jo
Page 179 and 180:
172 Tiina Puurtinen Table 2. Occurr
Page 181 and 182:
174 Tiina Puurtinen (5) Lisko voisi
Page 183 and 184:
176 Tiina Puurtinen Mauranen, Anna
Page 185 and 186:
178 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit equivale
Page 187 and 188:
180 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit Table 1.
Page 189 and 190:
182 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit do not t
Page 191 and 192:
184 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit Östman,
Page 194 and 195:
What happens to “unique items”
Page 196 and 197:
“Unique items” in learners’ t
Page 198 and 199:
Page 200 and 201:
Page 202 and 203:
Page 204 and 205:
Page 206 and 207:
Page 208 and 209:
Page 210 and 211:
Page 212 and 213:
The fate of “The Families of Mede
Page 214 and 215:
Thefateof“TheFamiliesofMedellín
Page 216 and 217:
Page 218 and 219:
Page 220 and 221:
Page 222 and 223:
Author index A Adab 1 Aijmer 131 Al
Page 224:
Author index 217 Schäffner 1, 38,
Page 227 and 228:
220 Subject index G generalization
Page 229 and 230:
In the BENJAMINS TRANSLATION LIBRAR
Page 231:
47. SAWYER, David B.: Fundamental A
show all

Translation Universals.pdf - ymerleksi - home

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?