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Clause connectives in Finnish children’s literature 169 on NCs in adult fiction yielded partly different results: some NCs, i.e. temporal and purpose constructions, are overrepresented in Finnish translations of English and Russian fiction, whereas participial constructions are underrepresented. A plausible explanation for the different frequencies is the existence or non-existence of a formally equivalent structure in the ST, which may function as a trigger in the translation process. However, the intriguing difference in the use of NCs between translated adult and children’s literature remains without explanation. Whether frequent use of NCs in children’s fiction correlates with infrequent use of connectives is examined in the following. 2 3. Material and method The material consists of translated and non-translated Finnish children’s literature which forms part of the Corpus of Translated Finnish compiled at the Savonlinna School of <strong>Translation</strong> Studies (for compilation criteria, see Mauranen 2000:122–123). The subcorpora used in this study are of approximately thesamesize(thecorpusoftranslatedchildren’sliteraturehas593000words, the corpus of Finnish originals 500 000 words). The source language of all the translations is English, which is the dominant SL for both translated children’s fiction and adult fiction in Finland. All texts were published between 1995 and 1998. The computer software used to retrieve the connectives is the WordSmith Tools program (Scott 1998). The connectives selected for investigation are commonly used in all text types. The conjunction ja ‘and’ was excluded firstly because of its inexplicitness and secondly because of its function as a link not only between clauses but, even more often, between words and phrases, which would have meant a very timeconsuming cleaning-up process to eliminate unlooked-for occurrences of ja. (The total number of ja, including the fused negative form eikä ‘and not’ was approx. 16 800 in each subcorpus.) The investigated connectives are the following: – the relative pronoun joka ‘which’, ‘who’ (9 cases, singular and plural forms) – subordinative conjunctions temporal: kun ‘when’, ennen kuin ‘before’ purpose: jotta, jottei(vät), että, ettei(vät) ‘in order to’, ‘in order not to’ causal: koska, kun ‘because’ explicative: että, ettei(vät) ‘that’, ‘that not’
170 Tiina Puurtinen conditional: jos, jollei(vät) ‘if’, ‘if not’ concessive: vaikka, vaikkei(vät) ‘although’, ‘although not’ – coordinative conjunctions – adverbs adversative: mutta, muttei(vät) ‘but’, ‘but not’, vaan ‘but’ explanative: sillä ‘for’ causal: siksi ‘therefore’ adversative: kuitenkin ‘however’ In addition to the basic forms, the fused forms composed of the conjunction and the negating word ei, as well as the plural forms with the suffix -vat/vät were searched for. The following discussion will be restricted to those findings that seem somehow interesting, not necessarily in terms of frequency differences as such, but functions and contexts of use. 4. Results Table 1 shows the frequencies of the connectives per 100 000 words. (Of the 18 different forms of the relative pronoun joka, only the ones with clearly different frequencies in Finnish originals and translations are presented.) There seems to be no clear overall tendency of either subcorpus favouring connectives more than the other. Instead, some connectives are more frequent in Finnish originals (jo(i)ssa, vaikka, vaan, kuitenkin), others in translations (jo(t)ka, kun, jos, ennen kuin, jotta), and a few connectives have roughly equal frequencies in both subcorpora. An attempt was then made to find potential explanations for the frequency differences, such as using a particular connective in partly different functions in translations and originals. An examination of the contexts surrounding such connectives produced some interesting observations, but in a number of puzzling cases even a closer look failed to reveal possible reasons for the discovered differences. For instance, the higher frequencies of ennen kuin and the nominative singular and plural forms of joka in translations could not be attributed to contextual or functional aspects. Only those few cases where the context turned out to be more helpful are discussed in more detail below.
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Translation Universals
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Translation Universals Do they exis
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Table of contents Introduction 1 I.
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Introduction The search for univers
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Introduction 3 the main methodologi
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Introduction 5 tious corpus would w
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Introduction 7 of several frequent
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Introduction 9 For many, the term u
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Introduction 11 Toury, Gideon (1991
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Probabilistic explanations in trans
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Beyond the particular* Andrew Chest
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Beyond the particular 35 6. A trans
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Beyond the particular 37 characteri
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Beyond the particular 39 Contributi
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Beyond the particular 41 A crucial
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Beyond the particular 43 representa
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Beyond the particular 45 or unclear
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Beyond the particular 47 What we ne
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Beyond the particular 49 Schulte, R
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52 Silvia Bernardini and Federico Z
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Corpora, universals and interferenc
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Untypical frequencies in translated
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102 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Mauranen (
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104 Jarmo Harri Jantunen 2.2 Lexica
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106 Jarmo Harri Jantunen eighth day
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108 Jarmo Harri Jantunen second pha
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110 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Figure 2.
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112 Jarmo Harri Jantunen synonymous
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114 Jarmo Harri Jantunen items comp
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116 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Table 4. T
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Page 136 and 137: Translation-specific lexicogrammar?
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Page 151 and 152: 144 Vilma Pápai It is in the last
Page 153 and 154: 146 Vilma Pápai Table 1. Summary o
Page 155 and 156: 148 Vilma Pápai (Sinclair 1991:13-
Page 157 and 158: 150 Vilma Pápai Table 2. Summary o
Page 159 and 160: 152 Vilma Pápai 4.1.2 Shifts on th
Page 161 and 162: 154 Vilma Pápai part of speech and
Page 163 and 164: 156 Vilma Pápai his former prison
Page 165 and 166: 158 Vilma Pápai Table 4. Frequency
Page 167 and 168: 160 Vilma Pápai In addition, consi
Page 169 and 170: 162 Vilma Pápai PA Porter, A. 1997
Page 171 and 172: 164 Vilma Pápai Ishikawa, Luli (19
Page 173 and 174: 166 Tiina Puurtinen (1996) and Bake
Page 175: 168 Tiina Puurtinen (1) Hän katsoi
Page 179 and 180: 172 Tiina Puurtinen Table 2. Occurr
Page 181 and 182: 174 Tiina Puurtinen (5) Lisko voisi
Page 183 and 184: 176 Tiina Puurtinen Mauranen, Anna
Page 185 and 186: 178 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit equivale
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Page 222 and 223: Author index A Adab 1 Aijmer 131 Al
Page 224: Author index 217 Schäffner 1, 38,
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220 Subject index G generalization
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In the BENJAMINS TRANSLATION LIBRAR
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47. SAWYER, David B.: Fundamental A
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